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<p>To sustain vegetable production and enhance food supply, farmers increasingly rely on intensive pesticide use, raising significant public health and environmental concerns. This study characterized pesticide use patterns in vegetable farming, with emphasis on the prevalence of Highly Hazardous Pesticides (HHPs), associated risks, and farmer practice profiles in Togo and Kenya, and identified determinants of safe or unsafe behaviors. A total of 219 farmers (162 in Togo and 57 in Kenya) were surveyed using a semi-structured questionnaire and respondent-driven sampling. Phytosanitary practice typologies were assessed through Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) followed by hierarchical clustering. The results revealed the use of 157 distinct pesticide products, with Togo recording the highest diversity (105 products, 66.9% of the total) compared to Kenya (52 products, 33.1%). Insecticides predominated in both countries, representing 53.3% of pesticides in Togo and 50.0% in Kenya. Biopesticide use was higher in Togo (12 out of 59 active ingredients, 20.4%) than in Kenya (1 out of 39, 2.6%). HHP prevalence was high in both countries (55.9% in Togo and 61.5% in Kenya), with a markedly higher rate of unregistered pesticide use in Togo (30.5%) than in Kenya (1.9%). Unsafe practices related to personal protection and pesticide container disposal were common, posing substantial environmental and health risks. Three producer profiles were identified, with better compliance to good practices in Kenya, whereas risk-prone practices predominated in Togo. Gender and phytosanitary training emerged as significant determinants of behavior. The study recommends stronger regulations, targeted awareness, and sustainable alternatives to mitigate HHP impacts.</p>

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A Cross-Country Study on the Use and Regulatory Frameworks of Highly Hazardous Pesticides in Urban and Peri-Urban Horticulture: Evidence from Togo and Kenya

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月11日

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  • Emmanuel Kombieni,
  • Richard Odongo Magwanga,
  • Nazer Famah Sourassou,
  • Darius Otiato Andika,
  • Gbénonchi Mawussi,
  • Komla Sanda

摘要

To sustain vegetable production and enhance food supply, farmers increasingly rely on intensive pesticide use, raising significant public health and environmental concerns. This study characterized pesticide use patterns in vegetable farming, with emphasis on the prevalence of Highly Hazardous Pesticides (HHPs), associated risks, and farmer practice profiles in Togo and Kenya, and identified determinants of safe or unsafe behaviors. A total of 219 farmers (162 in Togo and 57 in Kenya) were surveyed using a semi-structured questionnaire and respondent-driven sampling. Phytosanitary practice typologies were assessed through Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) followed by hierarchical clustering. The results revealed the use of 157 distinct pesticide products, with Togo recording the highest diversity (105 products, 66.9% of the total) compared to Kenya (52 products, 33.1%). Insecticides predominated in both countries, representing 53.3% of pesticides in Togo and 50.0% in Kenya. Biopesticide use was higher in Togo (12 out of 59 active ingredients, 20.4%) than in Kenya (1 out of 39, 2.6%). HHP prevalence was high in both countries (55.9% in Togo and 61.5% in Kenya), with a markedly higher rate of unregistered pesticide use in Togo (30.5%) than in Kenya (1.9%). Unsafe practices related to personal protection and pesticide container disposal were common, posing substantial environmental and health risks. Three producer profiles were identified, with better compliance to good practices in Kenya, whereas risk-prone practices predominated in Togo. Gender and phytosanitary training emerged as significant determinants of behavior. The study recommends stronger regulations, targeted awareness, and sustainable alternatives to mitigate HHP impacts.