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<p>The discharge of dye-laden and heavy-metal-containing wastewater poses a serious environmental challenge, necessitating sustainable and cost-effective treatment technologies. In this study, activated sludge derived from natural wastewater sources was investigated as a green biosorbent for the simultaneous removal of Basic Blue 9 (BB9) dye and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The physicochemical properties of the sludge were characterized using SEM–EDS, FTIR, BET, XRD, and TGA analyses, revealing a porous structure, abundant surface functional groups, and good thermal stability. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of solution pH, contact time, initial pollutant concentration, and adsorbent dosage. Optimal adsorption was achieved at pH 6, a contact time of 120&#xa0;min, and a sludge dosage of 2.0&#xa0;g L⁻¹. Under these conditions, the maximum adsorption capacities reached 78.6&#xa0;mg g⁻¹ for BB9 and 52.3&#xa0;mg g⁻¹ for Pb(II). Kinetic data were best described by the pseudo-second-order model, indicating chemisorption as the dominant rate-controlling mechanism. Equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm, suggesting monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface. Regeneration studies demonstrated that the activated sludge retained more than 78% of its initial adsorption capacity after five consecutive cycles, confirming its reusability. The adsorption mechanism was governed by a combination of electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, surface complexation, and pore filling. Overall, these findings highlight naturally derived activated sludge as a promising, low-cost, and environmentally sustainable adsorbent for the effective removal of cationic dyes and toxic heavy metals from wastewater.</p>

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Efficient Adsorption of Basic Blue 9 and Pb(II) from Wastewater Using Activated Sludge Derived from Natural Sources

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月13日

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  • Amal A. Nassar,
  • Ayman K. El-Sawaf,
  • Mohammad Albayari,
  • Mohammad Abu Shuheil,
  • Ahmed Abu-Rayyan,
  • Mahmoud F. Mubarak,
  • Gehan A. Hammouda

摘要

The discharge of dye-laden and heavy-metal-containing wastewater poses a serious environmental challenge, necessitating sustainable and cost-effective treatment technologies. In this study, activated sludge derived from natural wastewater sources was investigated as a green biosorbent for the simultaneous removal of Basic Blue 9 (BB9) dye and Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The physicochemical properties of the sludge were characterized using SEM–EDS, FTIR, BET, XRD, and TGA analyses, revealing a porous structure, abundant surface functional groups, and good thermal stability. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of solution pH, contact time, initial pollutant concentration, and adsorbent dosage. Optimal adsorption was achieved at pH 6, a contact time of 120 min, and a sludge dosage of 2.0 g L⁻¹. Under these conditions, the maximum adsorption capacities reached 78.6 mg g⁻¹ for BB9 and 52.3 mg g⁻¹ for Pb(II). Kinetic data were best described by the pseudo-second-order model, indicating chemisorption as the dominant rate-controlling mechanism. Equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm, suggesting monolayer adsorption on a homogeneous surface. Regeneration studies demonstrated that the activated sludge retained more than 78% of its initial adsorption capacity after five consecutive cycles, confirming its reusability. The adsorption mechanism was governed by a combination of electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, surface complexation, and pore filling. Overall, these findings highlight naturally derived activated sludge as a promising, low-cost, and environmentally sustainable adsorbent for the effective removal of cationic dyes and toxic heavy metals from wastewater.