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<p>Wetland sediments play a critical role in controlling the mobility and ecological risks of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), yet the depth-resolved behavior of these contaminants and their interactions with pore water remain poorly understood in the Gomishan Wetland. This study provides the first integrated geochemical assessment of sediment cores and pore water from this protected ecosystem. A 70-cm sediment core was analyzed using ICP-MS and ICP-OES to quantify major and trace elements and to evaluate metal mobility under prevailing pH–Eh conditions. Contamination indices (Igeo, EF, mHQ, TRI, MERMQ, RI) were applied to assess ecological risks. Results show markedly elevated concentrations of calcium and arsenic in sediments compared to continental crust, while iron and several transition metals were significantly lower. Pore water was dominated by sodium and potassium, reflecting strong evaporative enrichment and potential anthropogenic inputs. Eh–pH modeling indicated that most metals occur in stable, low-solubility forms under current conditions, although shifts in redox environments may enhance the release of toxic species. Ecological risk assessments identified arsenic and cadmium as the most concerning elements, despite an overall moderate risk classification. These findings advance understanding of PTE behavior in a major Caspian wetland and highlight the need for continued monitoring and targeted management strategies.</p>

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Geochemical Behavior and Risk Assessment of Metals in Sediment Core and Pore Water from the Gomishan Wetland

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月25日

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  • Akram Gholami,
  • Payam Shokri,
  • Abdolreza Karbassi

摘要

Wetland sediments play a critical role in controlling the mobility and ecological risks of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), yet the depth-resolved behavior of these contaminants and their interactions with pore water remain poorly understood in the Gomishan Wetland. This study provides the first integrated geochemical assessment of sediment cores and pore water from this protected ecosystem. A 70-cm sediment core was analyzed using ICP-MS and ICP-OES to quantify major and trace elements and to evaluate metal mobility under prevailing pH–Eh conditions. Contamination indices (Igeo, EF, mHQ, TRI, MERMQ, RI) were applied to assess ecological risks. Results show markedly elevated concentrations of calcium and arsenic in sediments compared to continental crust, while iron and several transition metals were significantly lower. Pore water was dominated by sodium and potassium, reflecting strong evaporative enrichment and potential anthropogenic inputs. Eh–pH modeling indicated that most metals occur in stable, low-solubility forms under current conditions, although shifts in redox environments may enhance the release of toxic species. Ecological risk assessments identified arsenic and cadmium as the most concerning elements, despite an overall moderate risk classification. These findings advance understanding of PTE behavior in a major Caspian wetland and highlight the need for continued monitoring and targeted management strategies.