<p>Non-exhaust emission sources such as tyre wear, brake wear, and road dust resuspension contribute to particulate matter emissions, which are often overlooked. In this study, the non-exhaust PM emissions (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) from the sources were estimated for the ten high vehicle-populated states in India using state-level vehicle activity, meteorological inputs, and established emission factors. However, due to lack of local data, the study takes into account international emission factors, which is a methodological limitation. The results revealed that PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ emissions from road dust resuspension were higher than those from tyre wear and brake wear. Furthermore, light-duty vehicles were found to be the dominant contributors as compared to heavy-duty vehicles. The influence of meteorological factors on road dust resuspension was also examined, showing that humidity reduces dust emissions, whereas hotter and drier weather conditions increase resuspension. The main source of variability was found to be resuspension inputs (activity and meteorological data), according to a sensitivity and uncertainty analysis that used Monte Carlo simulations to provide 95% confidence intervals. A comparison of estimated non-exhaust emissions with exhaust emissions from vehicles indicates that PM emissions from non-exhaust sources often exceed those from exhaust sources. To mitigate the adverse impacts of particulate matter pollution from non-exhaust sources, this study highlights the need for targeted strategies, especially region-specific dust control measures, better road maintenance, and standards for low-wear tyres and brake materials. Future work on in-situ PM monitoring, field validation, and health impact assessments is also advised.</p>