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<p>The objective of this study is to develop and optimize an efficient visible-light-driven photocatalyst for the discoloration of Bromophenol Blue (BPB) through synergistic Mn–Ce and rare-earth (La, Eu, Gd, and Nd) doping of TiO<sub>2</sub>. Efficient discoloration of recalcitrant dyes such as BPB under visible light remains a significant challenge. Among the synthesized catalysts, Gd-doped MnCeO<sub>x</sub>–TiO<sub>2</sub> (GMCT) exhibited superior performance, achieving over 90% discoloration within 25 min at pH 3 and 35 °C. The photocatalytic process followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model, with GMCT showing enhanced charge separation and the lowest activation energy (14.0 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) identified optimal operating conditions (pH 3, 35 min, 25 °C), resulting in 91.1% BPB removal. The novelty of this work lies in the synergistic Mn–Ce–rare earth doping strategy combined with RSM-based process optimization to enhance reactive oxygen species generation under visible light. Furthermore, the GMCT catalyst demonstrated excellent stability over five consecutive reuse cycles.</p>

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Photocatalytic Discoloration of Bromophenol Blue Using Rare Earth-Doped MnCeOx–TiO2 Catalysts Under Visible Light Irradiation: Optimization Via Response Surface Methodology

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月17日

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  • Nastaran Parsafard,
  • Zahra Doroodi

摘要

The objective of this study is to develop and optimize an efficient visible-light-driven photocatalyst for the discoloration of Bromophenol Blue (BPB) through synergistic Mn–Ce and rare-earth (La, Eu, Gd, and Nd) doping of TiO2. Efficient discoloration of recalcitrant dyes such as BPB under visible light remains a significant challenge. Among the synthesized catalysts, Gd-doped MnCeOx–TiO2 (GMCT) exhibited superior performance, achieving over 90% discoloration within 25 min at pH 3 and 35 °C. The photocatalytic process followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model, with GMCT showing enhanced charge separation and the lowest activation energy (14.0 kJ·mol−1). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) identified optimal operating conditions (pH 3, 35 min, 25 °C), resulting in 91.1% BPB removal. The novelty of this work lies in the synergistic Mn–Ce–rare earth doping strategy combined with RSM-based process optimization to enhance reactive oxygen species generation under visible light. Furthermore, the GMCT catalyst demonstrated excellent stability over five consecutive reuse cycles.