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<p>Soil contamination with trace elements and heavy metals is a growing environmental concern, especially in seed spice-growing regions of Rajasthan, where it directly impacts food safety, human health, and environmental sustainability. This study assessed the levels of trace elements in soils and seed spices in Rajasthan, India, to evaluate their potential health risks through consumption based on target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) values. A total of eighty soil and seed spice samples from seven districts of Rajasthan, including Baran, Jodhpur, and Sirohi, were collected and analysed for trace elements using Pearson’s correlation, ANOVA, multiple regression, and principal component analysis (PCA). Significant regional heterogeneity in soil trace element concentrations was observed in the data, with cobalt exhibiting the greatest range (62.1%). According to regression models, the main determinants of trace element availability in soils and seed species were soil pH and organic matter concentration. The accumulation of zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) in the seed spices followed the order: Fennel &gt; Coriander &gt; Anise &gt; Cumin &gt; Fenugreek &gt; Celery &gt; Nigella &gt; Dill &gt; Ajwain. Except for coriander (ACr-2 variety from Baran), which had a THQ of more than one, health risk evaluations based on the THQ and HI indicated that eating these spices did not pose any substantial health hazards. Overall, 81.25% of the samples had an HI less than one, indicating minimal health risks from trace element intake through spice consumption. This study highlights the importance of monitoring trace element contamination in soil and seed spices, offering valuable insights for improving food safety and promoting sustainable agricultural practices in India's seed spice-growing regions.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Assessing Soil Contamination and Modeling Trace Element Uptake in Seed Spices of Rajasthan

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月9日

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  • Chetan Kumar Jangir,
  • O. P. Aishwath,
  • P. S. Sangwan,
  • Dheeraj Panghaal,
  • Harendra Kumar Yadav,
  • Sanjay Kumar,
  • S. N. Saxena,
  • Vasundhara Sharma,
  • Sandeep Kumar,
  • Ram Swaroop Meena

摘要

Soil contamination with trace elements and heavy metals is a growing environmental concern, especially in seed spice-growing regions of Rajasthan, where it directly impacts food safety, human health, and environmental sustainability. This study assessed the levels of trace elements in soils and seed spices in Rajasthan, India, to evaluate their potential health risks through consumption based on target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) values. A total of eighty soil and seed spice samples from seven districts of Rajasthan, including Baran, Jodhpur, and Sirohi, were collected and analysed for trace elements using Pearson’s correlation, ANOVA, multiple regression, and principal component analysis (PCA). Significant regional heterogeneity in soil trace element concentrations was observed in the data, with cobalt exhibiting the greatest range (62.1%). According to regression models, the main determinants of trace element availability in soils and seed species were soil pH and organic matter concentration. The accumulation of zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) in the seed spices followed the order: Fennel > Coriander > Anise > Cumin > Fenugreek > Celery > Nigella > Dill > Ajwain. Except for coriander (ACr-2 variety from Baran), which had a THQ of more than one, health risk evaluations based on the THQ and HI indicated that eating these spices did not pose any substantial health hazards. Overall, 81.25% of the samples had an HI less than one, indicating minimal health risks from trace element intake through spice consumption. This study highlights the importance of monitoring trace element contamination in soil and seed spices, offering valuable insights for improving food safety and promoting sustainable agricultural practices in India's seed spice-growing regions.

Graphical Abstract