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<p>The study highlights the potential of biosynthesized CuO NPs in wastewater treatment, antibacterial activity against model bacterial strains (<i>E. coli</i> and <i>B. subtilis</i>) relevant to environmental contamination, and mitigation of pesticide contamination by treating copper nitrate with individual ethanolic extracts of <i>Azadirachta indica</i> (neem) leaves and <i>Citrus limon</i> (lemon peels) and also with their combined extracts (<i>Azadirachta indica</i> + <i>Citrus limon</i>). Characterization was performed by&#xa0;UV–Visible spectroscopy, FTIR&#xa0;analysis, X-ray diffraction&#xa0;(XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. CuO NPs mediated by <i>Azadirachta indica</i> leaves, <i>Citrus limon</i> peels and the combined extract exhibited crystallite sizes of 57.17, 63.07 and 43.96 nm, respectively, by XRD studies and particle sizes of 32 nm, 38 nm and 30 nm, respectively, by SEM analysis. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the disc diffusion method with ampicillin and moxifloxacin as a reference drugs. Antioxidant potential was evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl&#xa0;(DPPH) free radical scavenging assay with ascorbic acid as reference. Catalytic activity was evaluated against cationic dyes named methylene blue (MB) and a crystal violet (CV) and anionic dye i.e., methyl orange (MO). Furthermore, their pesticidal activity was evaluated against the wheat pest <i>S. granaries</i>. The novelty of this study lies in showing that CuO NPs synthesized with combined extracts display enhanced multifunctional performance, while also reporting, to the best of our knowledge, their pesticidal efficacy against <i>S. granaries</i> for the first time. This establishes a direct link between synthesis strategy, structural features, and practical applications. Overall, the study highlights the applicability of biosynthesized CuO NPs as a green, cost-effective, and sustainable nanomaterial for addressing environmental pollution and promoting public health.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Phyto-Mediated Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles via Individual and Synergistic Extracts of Citrus limon and Azadirachta indica for Enhanced Environmental and Biological Applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月28日

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  • Farhana Bibi,
  • Israr Ahmad,
  • Shabbir Hussain,
  • Shafaq Khalid,
  • Sania Kanwal,
  • Saad Rafique

摘要

The study highlights the potential of biosynthesized CuO NPs in wastewater treatment, antibacterial activity against model bacterial strains (E. coli and B. subtilis) relevant to environmental contamination, and mitigation of pesticide contamination by treating copper nitrate with individual ethanolic extracts of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaves and Citrus limon (lemon peels) and also with their combined extracts (Azadirachta indica + Citrus limon). Characterization was performed by UV–Visible spectroscopy, FTIR analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. CuO NPs mediated by Azadirachta indica leaves, Citrus limon peels and the combined extract exhibited crystallite sizes of 57.17, 63.07 and 43.96 nm, respectively, by XRD studies and particle sizes of 32 nm, 38 nm and 30 nm, respectively, by SEM analysis. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the disc diffusion method with ampicillin and moxifloxacin as a reference drugs. Antioxidant potential was evaluated by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay with ascorbic acid as reference. Catalytic activity was evaluated against cationic dyes named methylene blue (MB) and a crystal violet (CV) and anionic dye i.e., methyl orange (MO). Furthermore, their pesticidal activity was evaluated against the wheat pest S. granaries. The novelty of this study lies in showing that CuO NPs synthesized with combined extracts display enhanced multifunctional performance, while also reporting, to the best of our knowledge, their pesticidal efficacy against S. granaries for the first time. This establishes a direct link between synthesis strategy, structural features, and practical applications. Overall, the study highlights the applicability of biosynthesized CuO NPs as a green, cost-effective, and sustainable nanomaterial for addressing environmental pollution and promoting public health.

Graphical Abstract