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<p>This study evaluated the technical performance and economic feasibility of rapid filtration systems in double (DF) and triple filtration (TF) configurations as post-treatment for UASB reactor effluents. Three ferric chloride dosages (60, 100, and 140&#xa0;mg/L) were applied during the coagulation stage, followed by sequential filtration through granular media composed of gravel, sand, clinoptilolite, and granular activated carbon. Physicochemical parameters such as turbidity, color, solids, organic matter, nutrients, and surfactants were monitored. Statistical analysis revealed a significant influence of coagulant dosage on the removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), nitrite, and nitrate in the DF system, while the TF system achieved higher overall efficiency, particularly for apparent color. Characterization of the filter media indicated a moderate reduction in iodine number and cation exchange capacity over operational cycles. From an economic perspective, operational costs ranged from 0.189 to 0.421 USD/m<sup>3</sup>, with the intermediate dosage of 100&#xa0;mg/L offering the best cost–benefit ratio. The results highlight the potential of combining coagulation with multi-stage rapid filtration as a technically, economically, and environmentally viable alternative for polishing anaerobic effluents, with potential for agricultural reuse or discharge into receiving water bodies.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Chemical Coagulation and Multi-Stage Rapid Filtration as a Cost-Effective Post-Treatment for Domestic Effluents from Anaerobic Reactors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月7日

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  • Danilo Gabriel dos Santos Matos,
  • Cleber Pinto da Silva,
  • Sandro Xavier de Campos

摘要

This study evaluated the technical performance and economic feasibility of rapid filtration systems in double (DF) and triple filtration (TF) configurations as post-treatment for UASB reactor effluents. Three ferric chloride dosages (60, 100, and 140 mg/L) were applied during the coagulation stage, followed by sequential filtration through granular media composed of gravel, sand, clinoptilolite, and granular activated carbon. Physicochemical parameters such as turbidity, color, solids, organic matter, nutrients, and surfactants were monitored. Statistical analysis revealed a significant influence of coagulant dosage on the removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), nitrite, and nitrate in the DF system, while the TF system achieved higher overall efficiency, particularly for apparent color. Characterization of the filter media indicated a moderate reduction in iodine number and cation exchange capacity over operational cycles. From an economic perspective, operational costs ranged from 0.189 to 0.421 USD/m3, with the intermediate dosage of 100 mg/L offering the best cost–benefit ratio. The results highlight the potential of combining coagulation with multi-stage rapid filtration as a technically, economically, and environmentally viable alternative for polishing anaerobic effluents, with potential for agricultural reuse or discharge into receiving water bodies.

Graphical abstract