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<p>This study evaluated an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system involving common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>), freshwater mussels (<i>Lamellidens marginalis</i>), and water lily (<i>Nymphaea nouchali</i>) over a 90-day period in outdoor cement tanks (1&#xa0;m × 1&#xa0;m × 1&#xa0;m = 1&#xa0;m³ each). Growth performance, physiological responses, ecosystem services, and system efficiency were compared across four treatments: carp monoculture as the control (T1), carp with mussels (T2), carp with water lily (T3), and the full IMTA system (T4). The full IMTA system demonstrated superior performance with significantly higher specific growth rate (2.87 ± 0.12%/day) compared to monoculture (2.21 ± 0.09%/day), improved feed conversion ratio (1.42 ± 0.06 versus 1.89 ± 0.08), and optimized physiological parameters including reduced plasma cortisol (15.2 ± 2.1 versus 28.4 ± 3.2 ng/mL) and enhanced osmoregulation. Water quality parameters showed marked improvement in T4, with 71% reduction in total ammonia nitrogen and 72% reduction in orthophosphate compared to control. Mussel condition index improved significantly in T4 (12.8 ± 0.6) compared to T2 (10.2 ± 0.5), with enhanced filtration rates of 2.8 ± 0.2&#xa0;L/hr/individual. The system demonstrated strong synergistic interactions (synergy index: 1.32) and superior ecosystem services, achieving 0.65% daily turbidity reduction. When extrapolated to commercial scale, the full IMTA system showed potential production of 6.1 MT/ha/crop compared to 4.5 MT/ha/crop in monoculture. Energy retention efficiency increased significantly from 24.3 ± 1.1% in monoculture to 32.8 ± 1.2% in the full IMTA system. Results demonstrate the potential of this IMTA configuration for sustainable aquaculture intensification through improved production efficiency, enhanced physiological welfare, superior ecosystem services, and efficient nutrient utilization. The synergistic effects observed between system components suggest this model could be adapted for other freshwater aquaculture applications.</p>

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Integrated Multi-trophic Freshwater Aquaculture: Synergistic Effects of Carp, Freshwater Mussel, and Water Lily

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月9日

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  • Chandan Debnath

摘要

This study evaluated an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system involving common carp (Cyprinus carpio), freshwater mussels (Lamellidens marginalis), and water lily (Nymphaea nouchali) over a 90-day period in outdoor cement tanks (1 m × 1 m × 1 m = 1 m³ each). Growth performance, physiological responses, ecosystem services, and system efficiency were compared across four treatments: carp monoculture as the control (T1), carp with mussels (T2), carp with water lily (T3), and the full IMTA system (T4). The full IMTA system demonstrated superior performance with significantly higher specific growth rate (2.87 ± 0.12%/day) compared to monoculture (2.21 ± 0.09%/day), improved feed conversion ratio (1.42 ± 0.06 versus 1.89 ± 0.08), and optimized physiological parameters including reduced plasma cortisol (15.2 ± 2.1 versus 28.4 ± 3.2 ng/mL) and enhanced osmoregulation. Water quality parameters showed marked improvement in T4, with 71% reduction in total ammonia nitrogen and 72% reduction in orthophosphate compared to control. Mussel condition index improved significantly in T4 (12.8 ± 0.6) compared to T2 (10.2 ± 0.5), with enhanced filtration rates of 2.8 ± 0.2 L/hr/individual. The system demonstrated strong synergistic interactions (synergy index: 1.32) and superior ecosystem services, achieving 0.65% daily turbidity reduction. When extrapolated to commercial scale, the full IMTA system showed potential production of 6.1 MT/ha/crop compared to 4.5 MT/ha/crop in monoculture. Energy retention efficiency increased significantly from 24.3 ± 1.1% in monoculture to 32.8 ± 1.2% in the full IMTA system. Results demonstrate the potential of this IMTA configuration for sustainable aquaculture intensification through improved production efficiency, enhanced physiological welfare, superior ecosystem services, and efficient nutrient utilization. The synergistic effects observed between system components suggest this model could be adapted for other freshwater aquaculture applications.