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<p>The present study investigates the removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and acetaminophen (ACT) from synthetic pharmaceutical wastewater by once-through continuous mode electrochemical oxidation processes. ACT is a common pharmaceutical analgesic and antipyretic drug used worldwide. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the morphological and structural properties of Ti/TiO₂–RuO₂–IrO₂ electrodes. Electrochemical properties of the Ti/TiO₂–RuO₂–IrO₂ electrode were evaluated using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD). The Ti/TiO₂–RuO₂–IrO₂ electrode shows a high OEP of 1.66&#xa0;V (measured by LSV), large areal capacitance (598 mF cm⁻²), and low resistance of 3.75 Ω (evaluated by EIS). The Ti/TiO₂–RuO₂–IrO₂ electrode exhibited a large areal capacitance (598 mF/cm², based on GCD analysis) and low charge transfer resistance (3.75 Ω, determined by EIS), demonstrating its suitability for electrochemical applications, collectively enabling efficient oxidation of synthetic ACT pharmaceutical wastewater. FE-SEM and XRD analysis have been employed to study the morphological and structural properties of the Ti/TiO₂–RuO₂–IrO₂ electrode. ACT and COD removal achieved 98.19% and 77.20%, respectively, with an energy consumption of 28 kWh / m<sup>3</sup> at optimal conditions, proposed by Box Behnken Design (BBD) under Response Surface Methodology (RSM). % ACT and % COD removal strongly supported pseudo first-order kinetic analysis under optimal conditions. Their morphological and physical properties greatly influence the electrochemical performance of electrode materials in the oxidation of pharmaceutical wastewater. This study was focused on electrochemical activity and degradation of synthetic pharmaceutical pollutants.</p>

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Evaluation of Electrochemical Behaviour of Ti/TiO2–RuO2–IrO2 Electrodes for Efficient Removal of Synthetic Pharmaceutical Effluent by Once-Through Continuous Electrochemical Oxidation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月5日

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  • Neetesh Kumar Dehariya,
  • Sanjeev Kumar Meena,
  • Vikas Kumar Sangal

摘要

The present study investigates the removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and acetaminophen (ACT) from synthetic pharmaceutical wastewater by once-through continuous mode electrochemical oxidation processes. ACT is a common pharmaceutical analgesic and antipyretic drug used worldwide. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the morphological and structural properties of Ti/TiO₂–RuO₂–IrO₂ electrodes. Electrochemical properties of the Ti/TiO₂–RuO₂–IrO₂ electrode were evaluated using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD). The Ti/TiO₂–RuO₂–IrO₂ electrode shows a high OEP of 1.66 V (measured by LSV), large areal capacitance (598 mF cm⁻²), and low resistance of 3.75 Ω (evaluated by EIS). The Ti/TiO₂–RuO₂–IrO₂ electrode exhibited a large areal capacitance (598 mF/cm², based on GCD analysis) and low charge transfer resistance (3.75 Ω, determined by EIS), demonstrating its suitability for electrochemical applications, collectively enabling efficient oxidation of synthetic ACT pharmaceutical wastewater. FE-SEM and XRD analysis have been employed to study the morphological and structural properties of the Ti/TiO₂–RuO₂–IrO₂ electrode. ACT and COD removal achieved 98.19% and 77.20%, respectively, with an energy consumption of 28 kWh / m3 at optimal conditions, proposed by Box Behnken Design (BBD) under Response Surface Methodology (RSM). % ACT and % COD removal strongly supported pseudo first-order kinetic analysis under optimal conditions. Their morphological and physical properties greatly influence the electrochemical performance of electrode materials in the oxidation of pharmaceutical wastewater. This study was focused on electrochemical activity and degradation of synthetic pharmaceutical pollutants.