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<p>Conventional fuels can contribute to negative environmental repercussions, including climate change and destruction of the ozone layer. Solar energy-based water heating is one of the most sophisticated and cost-effective renewable energy systems. Despite their extensive use, flat plate solar collectors (FPSCs) have restricted thermal performance due to the inadequate thermal transfer properties of water as an operating fluid. This research addresses a significant gap in the experimental evaluation of uniformly shaped perforated wavy tapes integrated into flat plate solar collectors (FPSCs), which is a configuration that has been largely overlooked in the literature. The novelty of the present work is the comprehensive assessment of the system’s performance across six key metrics (6E)—energy, exergy, economic, environmental, exergoeconomic, and exergoenviroeconomic—through the integration of wavy tapes and three distinct novel tapes with different perforations of equilateral size (6, 9, and 12&#xa0;mm). The experimental findings revealed that the heat transfer rates (Nu) of the FPSC with a PWT of 6 were greater than those of the WT, plain WT, 12 PWT, and 9 PWT by ratios of 21.32, 15.35, 9.35, and 6.25%, respectively. The average energy efficiency of the FPSC with a PWT of 6 is 47.5, 30.20, 18.93, and 10.87% greater than that without a WT, plain WT, 12 PWT, and 9 PWT, respectively. The average exergy efficiency was also greater by 67.31, 34.86, 17.49, and 24.49%, respectively. Moreover, the hot water production cost decreased by 26%, and CO₂ mitigation reached 27.62 tons/year on an energy basis—the highest among all the tested configurations. The exergoeconomic efficiency peaked at 13.2 kWh/$, underscoring the economic viability of the proposed design. This study not only demonstrates the thermoeconomic superiority of integrating 6&#xa0;mm PWTs into FPSCs but also validates their potential to support sustainable energy policies through reduced carbon emissions and improved system efficiency.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Energetic, Exergetic, Economic, Environmental, Exergoeconomic and Exergoenviroeconomic (6E) Assessment of Flat Plate Solar Water Heater Associated with Perforated Wavy Tapes as Thermal Enhancer

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月29日

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  • Abnish Kumar,
  • Krishna Deo Prasad Singh

摘要

Conventional fuels can contribute to negative environmental repercussions, including climate change and destruction of the ozone layer. Solar energy-based water heating is one of the most sophisticated and cost-effective renewable energy systems. Despite their extensive use, flat plate solar collectors (FPSCs) have restricted thermal performance due to the inadequate thermal transfer properties of water as an operating fluid. This research addresses a significant gap in the experimental evaluation of uniformly shaped perforated wavy tapes integrated into flat plate solar collectors (FPSCs), which is a configuration that has been largely overlooked in the literature. The novelty of the present work is the comprehensive assessment of the system’s performance across six key metrics (6E)—energy, exergy, economic, environmental, exergoeconomic, and exergoenviroeconomic—through the integration of wavy tapes and three distinct novel tapes with different perforations of equilateral size (6, 9, and 12 mm). The experimental findings revealed that the heat transfer rates (Nu) of the FPSC with a PWT of 6 were greater than those of the WT, plain WT, 12 PWT, and 9 PWT by ratios of 21.32, 15.35, 9.35, and 6.25%, respectively. The average energy efficiency of the FPSC with a PWT of 6 is 47.5, 30.20, 18.93, and 10.87% greater than that without a WT, plain WT, 12 PWT, and 9 PWT, respectively. The average exergy efficiency was also greater by 67.31, 34.86, 17.49, and 24.49%, respectively. Moreover, the hot water production cost decreased by 26%, and CO₂ mitigation reached 27.62 tons/year on an energy basis—the highest among all the tested configurations. The exergoeconomic efficiency peaked at 13.2 kWh/$, underscoring the economic viability of the proposed design. This study not only demonstrates the thermoeconomic superiority of integrating 6 mm PWTs into FPSCs but also validates their potential to support sustainable energy policies through reduced carbon emissions and improved system efficiency.

Graphical abstract