<p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are synthetic chemicals widely used in consumer and industrial products due to their durability and resistance to degradation. However, these properties contribute to their environmental persistence and potential risks to human health. This review critically examines PFAS sources, occurrences, and global regulatory frameworks. By synthesizing research literature and regulatory documents, it explores emerging trends, persistent challenges, and research gaps. The analysis highlights a fragmented regulatory landscape with significant regional variations in standards, monitoring protocols, and remediation strategies. While efforts to mitigate PFAS contamination have advanced, challenges remain, including regulatory inconsistencies, data limitations, and the emergence of new PFAS variants not yet addressed by existing regulations. Sources of PFAS contamination are diverse, spanning industrial activities, consumer goods, and legacy pollution. Emerging evidence also points to atmospheric transport as a critical factor in PFAS global dispersion. PFAS persistence and bioaccumulative properties are important in understanding their fate and transport across environmental compartments. Geographic and demographic disparities in exposure patterns further emphasize the need for tailored interventions and risk mitigation strategies. This review identifies critical research needs, such as enhanced surveillance programs, and interdisciplinary approaches to addressing PFAS contamination. By synthesizing current knowledge and identifying research priorities, this study aims to inform policy development, regulatory enforcement, and scientific endeavors to address the challenges posed by PFAS contamination effectively.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>