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<p>Contemporary design and construction practices still rely on assembling discrete, materially homogeneous components, whereas many natural systems achieve multifunctionality through continuous, heterogeneous hierarchical material organisation. Yet, despite advances in digital fabrication, architectural-scale production of water-based biodegradable and tuneable biocomposites remains constrained by rheological instability, long setting times, and the need for hardware-intensive multi-material systems. This paper addresses these limitations by presenting a robotic workflow for the architectural-scale additive manufacturing of an enzyme-activated chitosan hydrogel composite. The approach achieves material differentiation through sequential, toolpath-based deposition, enabling thin membrane regions and integrated rib networks to emerge from a single aqueous formulation through robotically controlled deposition under fully ambient conditions. Continuous multi-planar trajectories stably organise the behaviour of the slow-setting, reactive bio-polymer across inclined and intersecting surfaces, producing a multifunctional thin-shell architectural fragment that exceeds 2 m in height and remains self-supporting after drying. To our knowledge, this constitutes the first architectural-scale demonstrator to integrate biotransformation directly within a large-scale additive manufacturing workflow, signalling new opportunities for tuneable, materially graded, low-energy, bio-based construction.</p>

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Towards biocatalytic fabrication: sequential additive manufacturing of enzymatically activated bio-polymer composite thin-shell assemblies

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月8日

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  • Robin Kwon,
  • Kayan Patel,
  • Basil Frost

摘要

Contemporary design and construction practices still rely on assembling discrete, materially homogeneous components, whereas many natural systems achieve multifunctionality through continuous, heterogeneous hierarchical material organisation. Yet, despite advances in digital fabrication, architectural-scale production of water-based biodegradable and tuneable biocomposites remains constrained by rheological instability, long setting times, and the need for hardware-intensive multi-material systems. This paper addresses these limitations by presenting a robotic workflow for the architectural-scale additive manufacturing of an enzyme-activated chitosan hydrogel composite. The approach achieves material differentiation through sequential, toolpath-based deposition, enabling thin membrane regions and integrated rib networks to emerge from a single aqueous formulation through robotically controlled deposition under fully ambient conditions. Continuous multi-planar trajectories stably organise the behaviour of the slow-setting, reactive bio-polymer across inclined and intersecting surfaces, producing a multifunctional thin-shell architectural fragment that exceeds 2 m in height and remains self-supporting after drying. To our knowledge, this constitutes the first architectural-scale demonstrator to integrate biotransformation directly within a large-scale additive manufacturing workflow, signalling new opportunities for tuneable, materially graded, low-energy, bio-based construction.