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<p>As a group of antibodies directed against the body’s own constituents, autoantibodies play a crucial role in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Based on the recruitment of redox-active tags via coenzyme-mediated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (CoRAFT) polymerization, we report an electrochemical method for the amplified immunoassay of autoantibodies. In the presence of anti-dsDNA antibody (anti-dsDNA, the highly diagnostic marker for systemic lupus erythematosus) as the analyte, the electrochemical immunoassay involves the affinity capture of the analytes by double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) antigens, the tethering of chain-transfer agents (CTAs) to the glycan chains on analytes via boronate linkage, and the recruitment of redox-active tags via CoRAFT polymerization. In CoRAFT polymerization, the CTAs are cleaved by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) coenzymes to generate the initiating radicals, which subsequently propagate into polymer chains by reacting intermittently with the monomers. The boronate linkage enables the site-directed decoration of an analyte with multiple CTAs, while each de novo grafted polymer chain can be composed of dozens to hundreds of redox-active tags. The immunoassay has a detection limit of 18.4 mIU/mL, and it features high selectivity and can be applied to autoantibody immunoassay in serum samples. As CoRAFT polymerization is biocompatible, simple, highly efficient, and low-cost, it applies to the electrochemical immunoassay of autoantibodies associated with the point-of-care diagnosis of autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.</p>

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Coenzyme-Mediated RAFT Polymerization for Amplified Electrochemical Immunoassay of Autoantibodies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月3日

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  • Xiaoxia Chen,
  • Min He,
  • Yu Bao,
  • Yiting Chen,
  • Wenqi Tang,
  • Jingjing Xu,
  • Qiong Hu,
  • Li Niu

摘要

As a group of antibodies directed against the body’s own constituents, autoantibodies play a crucial role in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Based on the recruitment of redox-active tags via coenzyme-mediated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (CoRAFT) polymerization, we report an electrochemical method for the amplified immunoassay of autoantibodies. In the presence of anti-dsDNA antibody (anti-dsDNA, the highly diagnostic marker for systemic lupus erythematosus) as the analyte, the electrochemical immunoassay involves the affinity capture of the analytes by double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) antigens, the tethering of chain-transfer agents (CTAs) to the glycan chains on analytes via boronate linkage, and the recruitment of redox-active tags via CoRAFT polymerization. In CoRAFT polymerization, the CTAs are cleaved by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) coenzymes to generate the initiating radicals, which subsequently propagate into polymer chains by reacting intermittently with the monomers. The boronate linkage enables the site-directed decoration of an analyte with multiple CTAs, while each de novo grafted polymer chain can be composed of dozens to hundreds of redox-active tags. The immunoassay has a detection limit of 18.4 mIU/mL, and it features high selectivity and can be applied to autoantibody immunoassay in serum samples. As CoRAFT polymerization is biocompatible, simple, highly efficient, and low-cost, it applies to the electrochemical immunoassay of autoantibodies associated with the point-of-care diagnosis of autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.