<p>The widespread presence of antibiotic residues, as emerging pollutants in environmental and biological systems, poses serious threats to ecological stability and public health. Although accurate, common chromatography-based analytical techniques often suffer from labor-intensive workflows and low portability, chemsensosrs/biosensors for the rapid, portable detection of antibiotics have emerged as a valuable tool in this field. Notably, transition metal sulfides (TMSs) have emerged as promising candidates for antibiotic sensing due to tunable electronic structures, high surface reactivity, and diverse dimensional architectures. This review critically summarizes recent advances in antibiotic recognition systems and especially emphasizes the utilization of TMSs as amplified signal-readout elements. The unique merits of TMSs for fast and sensitive sensing of antibiotics are highlighted. Special attention was given to the advanced sensing mechanisms as well as new perspectives for TMSs-based antibiotic detection. The sample pretreatment methods for antibiotic sensing are also summarized. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives are discussed to promote the development of robust, field-deployable TMSs-based antibiotic sensors. Overall, this review will not only facilitate readers to evaluate the current performance of TMSs-based antibiotic sensors in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and response time, but also inspire new ideas for the development of further advanced systems.</p>