Decarbonizing the Cement Industry: A Systematic Review of Emissions Analysis, Technological Innovations, and Sustainability Strategies
摘要
The objective of the study is to review the applications of sustainable production methods that decrease the environmental impacts of the production process. The different methods, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS), alternative fuels and alternative raw materials, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), recycling, and energy optimization systems, effectively decarbonize the manufacturing processes. The study adopts PRISMA-based systematic analysis from 137 research studies and gives a comparative techno-economic and technology readiness level (TRL) analysis. The reviewed studies mostly focus on emission analysis, waste development, energy expenditure, and raw material and resource consumption in the manufacturing system. The results of the study indicate that the CCS system significantly decreases CO₂ level to 90%, whereas SCMs decrease 30–60% emanations. On the other hand, replacing traditional fuels with alternative fuels in a fuel mix reduces emissions by 20–40%. Similarly, advanced energy-efficient technological systems such as vertical roller mills (VRM) and high-pressure grinding rollers (HPGR) lower the electrcal energy consumption rate by 30% and contribute implicitly to carbon abatement. Also, industrial co-products utilization in the manufacturing cycle contributes to the circular economy principles and reduces the need for virgin materials. Regardless of their potential for decarbonization, these techniques face significant barriers to adoption in the production system, such as cost, technology, and policy. The study determines that SCMs, low-carbon fuels, and advanced technologies are a reasonable approach to decarbonize the production method.
Graphical Abstract