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<p>This paper proposes a two-level inventory model for closed-loop supply chains (CLSC) that considers stochastic demand and emission reduction efforts. This study specifically investigates the effect of the quality of used products obtained from the market on production costs, purchasing costs, and the amount of emissions generated. The model considers several types of investments, namely green technology investment, automation investment, and investment in collection efforts. Green incentives are also implemented to encourage the adoption of green technologies. Three model scenarios are analyzed, each of which represents a combination of investment implementations. The model's objective is to determine the optimal values of delivery quantity, production rate, collection rate, and the amount of investment in green technology and automation technology to minimize total supply chain costs. Enhancing the quality of collected used products can reduce investment needs and increase return rates, but it may also slow production, which can affect emissions. Implementing carbon policies effectively decreases emissions, requiring managers to adjust production rates and boost green investments amid tax hikes. Finally, Scenario 1 offers the best economic performance with low costs and reasonable emissions reduction, while Scenario 2 excels in emission reduction.</p>

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An Integrated CLSC Optimization Model for Inventory and Green Investment Decisions under Stochastic Demand and Collected Product Quality

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月20日

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  • Wakhid Ahmad Jauhari,
  • Dimas Ramadhan,
  • Umakanta Mishra,
  • Anindya Rachma Dwicahyani,
  • Diana Puspita Sari

摘要

This paper proposes a two-level inventory model for closed-loop supply chains (CLSC) that considers stochastic demand and emission reduction efforts. This study specifically investigates the effect of the quality of used products obtained from the market on production costs, purchasing costs, and the amount of emissions generated. The model considers several types of investments, namely green technology investment, automation investment, and investment in collection efforts. Green incentives are also implemented to encourage the adoption of green technologies. Three model scenarios are analyzed, each of which represents a combination of investment implementations. The model's objective is to determine the optimal values of delivery quantity, production rate, collection rate, and the amount of investment in green technology and automation technology to minimize total supply chain costs. Enhancing the quality of collected used products can reduce investment needs and increase return rates, but it may also slow production, which can affect emissions. Implementing carbon policies effectively decreases emissions, requiring managers to adjust production rates and boost green investments amid tax hikes. Finally, Scenario 1 offers the best economic performance with low costs and reasonable emissions reduction, while Scenario 2 excels in emission reduction.