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<p>The urgent need to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by mid-century has spurred intense efforts to transform global energy systems, with Power-to-X (PtX) technologies emerging as possible enablers of deep decarbonization. This review provides a comprehensive and integrative analysis of PtX pathways, focusing not only on their technological fundamentals but also on their system-level integration, process intensification strategies, and policy frameworks essential for their large-scale deployment. After categorizing the main PtX typologies—including power-to-hydrogen, power-to-ammonia, power-to-methanol, and power-to-liquids—the review critically examines the state of technology readiness and highlights industrial demonstration examples. The analysis further addresses major integration challenges, such as thermodynamic inefficiencies, renewable energy intermittency, spatial and temporal resource mismatches, and control complexities. To overcome these barriers, the role of process intensification is explored through modular designs, hybrid reactor-separation systems, and dynamic optimization enabled by digital twins and AI. Sustainability evaluations incorporating life-cycle assessment, techno-economic analysis, and emerging metrics such as exergy, circularity, and controllability are discussed to assess the systemic impact of PtX pathways. Policy and regulatory landscapes are reviewed, emphasizing the necessity of coherent roadmaps, financial instruments, and certification standards to accelerate PtX adoption. As a core contribution, this work proposes a novel multi-layer integration framework that systematically connects technological readiness, process intensification, infrastructure compatibility, and policy alignment to support robust PtX deployment. The review concludes by identifying critical research gaps, outlining future directions, and emphasizing that Power-to-X technologies—if innovatively integrated and adequately supported—can play a central role in realizing sustainable Net-Zero energy transitions worldwide.</p>

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Power-to-X Technologies for Net-Zero: Bridging Process Innovation, System Integration, and Policy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月22日

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  • Brenda Huerta-Rosas,
  • Maricruz Juarez-García,
  • Jesús Manuel Núñez-López,
  • Heriberto Alcocer-García,
  • Juan Gabriel Segovia-Hernández,
  • Eduardo Sánchez-Ramírez

摘要

The urgent need to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by mid-century has spurred intense efforts to transform global energy systems, with Power-to-X (PtX) technologies emerging as possible enablers of deep decarbonization. This review provides a comprehensive and integrative analysis of PtX pathways, focusing not only on their technological fundamentals but also on their system-level integration, process intensification strategies, and policy frameworks essential for their large-scale deployment. After categorizing the main PtX typologies—including power-to-hydrogen, power-to-ammonia, power-to-methanol, and power-to-liquids—the review critically examines the state of technology readiness and highlights industrial demonstration examples. The analysis further addresses major integration challenges, such as thermodynamic inefficiencies, renewable energy intermittency, spatial and temporal resource mismatches, and control complexities. To overcome these barriers, the role of process intensification is explored through modular designs, hybrid reactor-separation systems, and dynamic optimization enabled by digital twins and AI. Sustainability evaluations incorporating life-cycle assessment, techno-economic analysis, and emerging metrics such as exergy, circularity, and controllability are discussed to assess the systemic impact of PtX pathways. Policy and regulatory landscapes are reviewed, emphasizing the necessity of coherent roadmaps, financial instruments, and certification standards to accelerate PtX adoption. As a core contribution, this work proposes a novel multi-layer integration framework that systematically connects technological readiness, process intensification, infrastructure compatibility, and policy alignment to support robust PtX deployment. The review concludes by identifying critical research gaps, outlining future directions, and emphasizing that Power-to-X technologies—if innovatively integrated and adequately supported—can play a central role in realizing sustainable Net-Zero energy transitions worldwide.