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<p>This study presents a perception-informed urban comfort assessment framework. By systematically quantifying multidimensional interactions between people and their urban environment, it functions as a policy tool for evaluating and advancing livable city development. However, due to the lack of human-centered assessments, livability studies in China often remain at the macro-policy level, overlooking intrinsic influencing factors and their underlying mechanisms. This study develops a multidimensional urban comfort framework consisting of 34 indicators across four dimensions: socio-economic factors, three-dimensional urban morphology, environment factor, and human visual perception. Urban comfort is measured using the entropy-weighted TOPSIS method, the obstacle degree model, and the optimal parameter geographic detector. The study further examines internal obstacles and external drivers to reveal the possible mechanisms shaping urban comfort. The results show that: (1) Yantai’s urban comfort displays clear spatial heterogeneity. High-comfort areas are concentrated in flat inland zones, commercial centers, and environmentally favorable coastal areas. Distinct local clusters form a pronounced core–periphery structure. (2) Key internal constraints include the public transit station density, road network density, temperature-humidity index, and green space accessibility. (3) External factors—development motivation, cultural base, well-being of people, ecological foundation—significantly influence urban comfort. Resident activity level shows strong interaction effects with other variables. By integrating multidimensional urban characteristics and incorporating human perception, this study fills key gaps in urban comfort assessment. It provides theoretical support for improving regional livability and offers scientifically grounded pathways for urban renewal. The findings contribute to fostering harmonious coexistence between people and urban systems.</p>

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A Human-Centered Framework for Assessing Urban Comfort

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月28日

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  • Tianwen Li,
  • Xiaohui Wang,
  • Shuang Chen,
  • Longsheng Wang,
  • Yu Ye,
  • Xinyao Sun,
  • Shimou Yao

摘要

This study presents a perception-informed urban comfort assessment framework. By systematically quantifying multidimensional interactions between people and their urban environment, it functions as a policy tool for evaluating and advancing livable city development. However, due to the lack of human-centered assessments, livability studies in China often remain at the macro-policy level, overlooking intrinsic influencing factors and their underlying mechanisms. This study develops a multidimensional urban comfort framework consisting of 34 indicators across four dimensions: socio-economic factors, three-dimensional urban morphology, environment factor, and human visual perception. Urban comfort is measured using the entropy-weighted TOPSIS method, the obstacle degree model, and the optimal parameter geographic detector. The study further examines internal obstacles and external drivers to reveal the possible mechanisms shaping urban comfort. The results show that: (1) Yantai’s urban comfort displays clear spatial heterogeneity. High-comfort areas are concentrated in flat inland zones, commercial centers, and environmentally favorable coastal areas. Distinct local clusters form a pronounced core–periphery structure. (2) Key internal constraints include the public transit station density, road network density, temperature-humidity index, and green space accessibility. (3) External factors—development motivation, cultural base, well-being of people, ecological foundation—significantly influence urban comfort. Resident activity level shows strong interaction effects with other variables. By integrating multidimensional urban characteristics and incorporating human perception, this study fills key gaps in urban comfort assessment. It provides theoretical support for improving regional livability and offers scientifically grounded pathways for urban renewal. The findings contribute to fostering harmonious coexistence between people and urban systems.