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<p>During map scaling or symbolization, closely spaced map features may overlap, which is referred to as a proximity conflict. In cartographic generalization, displacement operations are employed to resolve such proximity conflicts. As the demand for three-dimensional (3D) data increases, traditional vector-based displacement methods can only resolve conflicts in two-dimensional (2D) data. To overcome these limitations, a 3D raster-based building displacement method with force field simulation (RBDF) is proposed to resolve proximity conflicts in realistic environments. First, superpixel segmentation partitions the space around buildings into pixel groups. Image moments are then used to determine the principal axis directions and lengths of each group, which are applied to compute vectors representing spatial forces on the buildings. A digital elevation model (DEM) provides slope information as terrain constraints. These vectors combine to create a simulated force field for adaptive displacement. The experimental results demonstrate that the RBDF method effectively alleviates proximity conflicts and achieves superior spatial rationality and visual performance compared with conventional methods such as ArcGIS Pro and the MIQP approach. Moreover, the 3D visualization based on DEM further highlights the model’s ability to produce displacement outcomes that are topographically coherent and visually realistic.</p>

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Terrain-aware 3D Raster Displacement of Buildings and Roads Using Force Field Simulation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月21日

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  • Guikai Zhang,
  • Yilang Shen

摘要

During map scaling or symbolization, closely spaced map features may overlap, which is referred to as a proximity conflict. In cartographic generalization, displacement operations are employed to resolve such proximity conflicts. As the demand for three-dimensional (3D) data increases, traditional vector-based displacement methods can only resolve conflicts in two-dimensional (2D) data. To overcome these limitations, a 3D raster-based building displacement method with force field simulation (RBDF) is proposed to resolve proximity conflicts in realistic environments. First, superpixel segmentation partitions the space around buildings into pixel groups. Image moments are then used to determine the principal axis directions and lengths of each group, which are applied to compute vectors representing spatial forces on the buildings. A digital elevation model (DEM) provides slope information as terrain constraints. These vectors combine to create a simulated force field for adaptive displacement. The experimental results demonstrate that the RBDF method effectively alleviates proximity conflicts and achieves superior spatial rationality and visual performance compared with conventional methods such as ArcGIS Pro and the MIQP approach. Moreover, the 3D visualization based on DEM further highlights the model’s ability to produce displacement outcomes that are topographically coherent and visually realistic.