This paper presents significant experimental discoveries of various turbulent states of magnetically confined plasmas in far non-equilibrium states, providing a wealth of new knowledge to the field. The intricate interplay between a non-uniform radial electric field (mean \(E \times B\) flow shear and zonal flow) and turbulence in plasma, which gives rise to various turbulent states, is a complex yet fascinating area of study. The symmetry breaking of turbulence produces intrinsic torque and toroidal flow shear, while the pressure gradient produces poloidal flow shear. The turbulence produces the zonal flow (fluctuating \(E \times B\) flow with zero toroidal and poloidal mode numbers). Both the mean \(E \times B\) flow shear and zonal flow suppress the turbulence, which is the origin of this flow. The turbulence-dominant state and \(E \times B\) flow dominant state co-exist in the plasma in space and finally cause the various turbulent states and radial profiles of temperature and density of magnetically confined plasmas. The \(E \times B\) shear also significantly impacts the blocking of turbulence spreading, which is one of the origins of non-local transport. Interaction between micro-scale, mezo-scale, and macro-scale fluctuation is another mechanism that causes non-local transport. The magnetic topology (nested flux surface, magnetic island, and stochastic magnetic field) is also important in determining the characteristics of turbulence transport. The magnetic island provides an excellent platform for the study of turbulence spreading. Isotope mixing, a new concept in particle transport, is also discussed. The experimental discovery and comprehensive understanding of these processes are described.
