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Purpose <p>The High-energy Underwater Neutrino Telescope (HUNT) is a next-generation neutrino astronomy facility with an instrumented volume of 30 <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(km^3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>k</mi> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and about 55,000 optical modules. Only an array of this unprecedented scale can effectively detect neutrino point sources in the Milky Way. However, such simulations and data analyses impose extremely demanding computational requirements, especially when using the Geant4 simulation toolkit, whose built-in optical processes constitute a major bottleneck in simulation speed. The HUNT project has successfully developed a GPU-parallel acceleration library, named Geant4 Accelerated Ray Tracing (G4ART), which provides an acceleration ratio of more than 100 times and significantly improves the efficiency of high statistical event simulations. This paper investigates the reliability and validation of the G4ART.</p> Methods <p>We compared Geant4 optical processes simulation results obtained with G4ART against those from Geant4’s original optical processes, conducting a rigorous, stage-by-stage evaluation from Cherenkov photon production through propagation, and benchmarking the Optical Module trigger-time distributions and photoelectron yields. Furthermore, Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) test is applied to quantitatively assess the agreement and validate the reliability of G4ART.</p> Conclusion <p>The comparison results show that replacing Geant4’s original optical processes with the G4ART yields highly reliable simulation accuracy. Therefore, G4ART provides an efficient solution for high-performance computing needs in HUNT and offers important technical support for detector design and performance optimization.</p>

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Validation of optical processes in Geant4 with GPU acceleration for HUNT simulation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月27日

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  • Qinghong Zhang,
  • Shun Xu,
  • Zike Wang,
  • Mingjun Chen,
  • Zongkang Zeng,
  • Peiyuan Chu,
  • Xiaohao You,
  • Shuai Wang,
  • Bingyu Han

摘要

Purpose

The High-energy Underwater Neutrino Telescope (HUNT) is a next-generation neutrino astronomy facility with an instrumented volume of 30 \(km^3\) k m 3 and about 55,000 optical modules. Only an array of this unprecedented scale can effectively detect neutrino point sources in the Milky Way. However, such simulations and data analyses impose extremely demanding computational requirements, especially when using the Geant4 simulation toolkit, whose built-in optical processes constitute a major bottleneck in simulation speed. The HUNT project has successfully developed a GPU-parallel acceleration library, named Geant4 Accelerated Ray Tracing (G4ART), which provides an acceleration ratio of more than 100 times and significantly improves the efficiency of high statistical event simulations. This paper investigates the reliability and validation of the G4ART.

Methods

We compared Geant4 optical processes simulation results obtained with G4ART against those from Geant4’s original optical processes, conducting a rigorous, stage-by-stage evaluation from Cherenkov photon production through propagation, and benchmarking the Optical Module trigger-time distributions and photoelectron yields. Furthermore, Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) test is applied to quantitatively assess the agreement and validate the reliability of G4ART.

Conclusion

The comparison results show that replacing Geant4’s original optical processes with the G4ART yields highly reliable simulation accuracy. Therefore, G4ART provides an efficient solution for high-performance computing needs in HUNT and offers important technical support for detector design and performance optimization.