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Purpose <p>This study systematically evaluates the error sources in the reverse calculation of negative hydrogen ion beam extraction, with a focus on the impact of co-extracted electrons and measurement sampling.</p> Methods <p>An iterative-convergence-based beam dynamics algorithm was implemented using the COMSOL simulation platform. Errors were quantified by comparing reverse-calculated phase-space distributions with original forward simulation data.</p> Results <p>When co-extracted electrons were neglected in both forward and reverse simulations, the beam envelope error remained below 0.5%. However, omitting electrons in the reverse calculation while they were present in the forward simulation led to an error that increased with <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(I_e/I_{H^-}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <mi>e</mi> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <msub> <mi>I</mi> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mo>-</mo> </msup> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The assumed electron distribution also affected the results, with deviations from the true distribution introducing additional error. Furthermore, the sampling process of pepper-pot measurements contributed to the overall uncertainty in the reconstruction.</p> Conclusion <p>Ignoring co-extracted electrons leads to substantial errors in reverse calculation, while adopting a suitable electron distribution model improves accuracy. Optimal measurement sampling further enhances reconstruction reliability. These findings provide guidance for improving the reverse-calculation-based reconstruction of ion source meniscus profiles.</p>

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Errors analysis of the reverse simulation method for negative hydrogen ion beam extraction process

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月27日

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  • Li Hui,
  • Chen Weidong,
  • Chen Benzheng,
  • Liao Hui,
  • Liu Shengjin,
  • Xiao Yongchuan,
  • Cao Xiuxia,
  • Lin Zeqi

摘要

Purpose

This study systematically evaluates the error sources in the reverse calculation of negative hydrogen ion beam extraction, with a focus on the impact of co-extracted electrons and measurement sampling.

Methods

An iterative-convergence-based beam dynamics algorithm was implemented using the COMSOL simulation platform. Errors were quantified by comparing reverse-calculated phase-space distributions with original forward simulation data.

Results

When co-extracted electrons were neglected in both forward and reverse simulations, the beam envelope error remained below 0.5%. However, omitting electrons in the reverse calculation while they were present in the forward simulation led to an error that increased with \(I_e/I_{H^-}\) I e / I H - . The assumed electron distribution also affected the results, with deviations from the true distribution introducing additional error. Furthermore, the sampling process of pepper-pot measurements contributed to the overall uncertainty in the reconstruction.

Conclusion

Ignoring co-extracted electrons leads to substantial errors in reverse calculation, while adopting a suitable electron distribution model improves accuracy. Optimal measurement sampling further enhances reconstruction reliability. These findings provide guidance for improving the reverse-calculation-based reconstruction of ion source meniscus profiles.