<p>A proposal for the CEPC ECAL is a highly granular scintillating crystal design that uses SiPMs to measure signals from photons. Radiation damage to the silicon will impair the performance of the calorimeter due to dark noise, which will affect the reconstruction capabilities of the calorimeter system. This paper presents a simulation study assessing the effect of radiation damage of SiPM dark noise on the calorimeter’s response to electrons due to changing fluence and temperature. It was observed that dark noise significantly degrades the linearity of response, with up to 45% error in reconstructed energy for a 1GeV shower at a fluence of <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$1\times 10^{10}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>10</mn> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> cm<InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$^{-2}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. The stochastic and noise resolution terms were observed to remain stable, increasing only by 0.2% and 1% respectively in the range 1 <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\times $</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>×</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> 10<InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$^{7}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mn>7</mn> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> cm<InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$^{-2}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> to 1 <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\times $</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>×</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> 10<InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$^{10}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mn>10</mn> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> cm<InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$^{-2}$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> fluence. Under the assumption of no irradiation, the influence of dark noise with temperature in the normal operating range of the calorimeter system was estimated to be negligible.</p>

Simulation studies of the effect of electron–positron collider experiments SiPM dark noise on the performance of a highly granular crystal ECAL

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发表日期：

2026年2月3日

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Jack Rolph,
Yong Liu,
Baohua Qi,
Zhiyu Zhao

摘要

A proposal for the CEPC ECAL is a highly granular scintillating crystal design that uses SiPMs to measure signals from photons. Radiation damage to the silicon will impair the performance of the calorimeter due to dark noise, which will affect the reconstruction capabilities of the calorimeter system. This paper presents a simulation study assessing the effect of radiation damage of SiPM dark noise on the calorimeter’s response to electrons due to changing fluence and temperature. It was observed that dark noise significantly degrades the linearity of response, with up to 45% error in reconstructed energy for a 1GeV shower at a fluence of $1\times 10^{10}$ $1 \times 10^{10}$ cm $^{-2}$ $^{- 2}$ . The stochastic and noise resolution terms were observed to remain stable, increasing only by 0.2% and 1% respectively in the range 1 $\times $ $\times$ 10 $^{7}$ $^{7}$ cm $^{-2}$ $^{- 2}$ to 1 $\times $ $\times$ 10 $^{10}$ $^{10}$ cm $^{-2}$ $^{- 2}$ fluence. Under the assumption of no irradiation, the influence of dark noise with temperature in the normal operating range of the calorimeter system was estimated to be negligible.