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<b>Purpose</b> <p>The parallel-coupled topology has emerged as an attractive choice for next-generation linear accelerators, aiming to reduce costs while achieving compactness without compromising the structure’s efficiency. This paper presents the design, optimization, and comprehensive multi-physics analysis of a 1-meter-long, large-aperture accelerating structure, including electromagnetic simulations under cryogenic conditions.</p> <b>Methods</b> <p>The structure’s performance was evaluated through detailed electromagnetic simulations using CST Studio Suite, coupled with thermal and structural analysis under cryogenic conditions to assess viability and stability. Additionally, the behavior of higher-order modes (HOM) before and after damping was analyzed through wakefield simulations. ASTRA software was used to examine the beam dynamics of the structure under cryogenic constraints.</p> <b>Results</b> <p>Operating a parallel-coupled accelerating structure at liquid nitrogen temperature (77K) has demonstrated significantly higher accelerating gradients and a lower RF breakdown rate than conventional normal-conducting structures. The aperture size of the accelerating structures significantly impacts beam quality and wakefield suppression. The larger aperture of the accelerating structures helps to minimize the wakefield’s effect, capture the maximum number of electrons, and improve beam quality, making them suitable for next-generation accelerator applications at low energies.</p> <b>Conclusion</b> <p>In this context, the proposed 1-m-long parallel-coupled accelerating structure, with a relatively larger aperture, is specifically designed to operate under cryogenic vacuum conditions using liquid nitrogen. The inter-cavity issue is resolved by adjusting the end-cell dimensions of each accelerating structure. This type of accelerating structure is suitable for the initial stages of ultra-compact linacs for high-energy XFELs.</p>

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R&D of cryogenic high-gradient C-band accelerating structure

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月16日

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  • Faizan Elahi,
  • Jingru Zhang,
  • Hua Shi,
  • Ouzheng Xiao,
  • Jingyi Li

摘要

Purpose

The parallel-coupled topology has emerged as an attractive choice for next-generation linear accelerators, aiming to reduce costs while achieving compactness without compromising the structure’s efficiency. This paper presents the design, optimization, and comprehensive multi-physics analysis of a 1-meter-long, large-aperture accelerating structure, including electromagnetic simulations under cryogenic conditions.

Methods

The structure’s performance was evaluated through detailed electromagnetic simulations using CST Studio Suite, coupled with thermal and structural analysis under cryogenic conditions to assess viability and stability. Additionally, the behavior of higher-order modes (HOM) before and after damping was analyzed through wakefield simulations. ASTRA software was used to examine the beam dynamics of the structure under cryogenic constraints.

Results

Operating a parallel-coupled accelerating structure at liquid nitrogen temperature (77K) has demonstrated significantly higher accelerating gradients and a lower RF breakdown rate than conventional normal-conducting structures. The aperture size of the accelerating structures significantly impacts beam quality and wakefield suppression. The larger aperture of the accelerating structures helps to minimize the wakefield’s effect, capture the maximum number of electrons, and improve beam quality, making them suitable for next-generation accelerator applications at low energies.

Conclusion

In this context, the proposed 1-m-long parallel-coupled accelerating structure, with a relatively larger aperture, is specifically designed to operate under cryogenic vacuum conditions using liquid nitrogen. The inter-cavity issue is resolved by adjusting the end-cell dimensions of each accelerating structure. This type of accelerating structure is suitable for the initial stages of ultra-compact linacs for high-energy XFELs.