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<b>Introduction</b> <p>Electron–neutron detector array (ENDA) is designed to measure thermal neutrons produced by hadronic interactions between cosmic ray extensive air showers (EAS) and the surrounding environment as well as electrons around the cores of EAS. ENDA is located within Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). ENDA was expanded from an initial 16 detectors to 64 detectors in April 2023, so-called ENDA-64, and has been running alongside LHAASO. The stability and consistency of neutron detection are crucial for laying a solid foundation for subsequent data analysis and physical results.</p> <b>Methods</b> <p>We obtain the stability by studying variations of event rate and thermal neutron rate in each cluster and the consistency by comparing distribution of number of thermal neutrons between clusters. Additionally, we investigate the specific influences of the rainy and dry seasons, as well as the presence or absence of sand cubes under the detectors, to examine the environmental factors affecting neutron measurement performance.</p> <b>Results</b> <p>The calibration results indicate good consistency in thermal neutron detection across the clusters, with the maximum inconsistency of 6.85%. The maximum instability of event rate and thermal neutron rate over time are 4.68% and 11.0%, respectively. The maximum inconsistency between the clusters without the sand cubes is 18%. The use of sand cubes is effective in protecting the target material from rainwater, and the sand cubes help the cluster to increase collection of neutrons generated by EAS events.</p>

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Study of stability and consistency of EAS thermal neutron detection at ENDA-64

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月27日

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  • Heng-Yu Zhang,
  • Xin-Hua Ma,
  • Tian-Lu Chen,
  • Shu-Wang Cui,
  • Danzengluobu,
  • Wei Gao,
  • Wen-Chao Gao,
  • Xin-Rui Gao,
  • Zi-Ao Gong,
  • Hai-Bing Hu,
  • Denis Kuleshov,
  • Kirill Kurinov,
  • Bing-Bing Li,
  • Fan-Ping Li,
  • Jia-Heng Li,
  • Yang Li,
  • Hu Liu,
  • Mao-Yuan Liu,
  • Ye Liu,
  • Xi-An Pan,
  • Da-Yu Peng,
  • Yao-Hui Qi,
  • Dong Qu,
  • Oleg Shchegolev,
  • Yuri Stenkin,
  • Tian-Shuang Yang,
  • Li-Qiao Yin,
  • Hui-Qian Zhang,
  • Liang-Wei Zhang,
  • Shi-Yuan Zhang

摘要

Introduction

Electron–neutron detector array (ENDA) is designed to measure thermal neutrons produced by hadronic interactions between cosmic ray extensive air showers (EAS) and the surrounding environment as well as electrons around the cores of EAS. ENDA is located within Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). ENDA was expanded from an initial 16 detectors to 64 detectors in April 2023, so-called ENDA-64, and has been running alongside LHAASO. The stability and consistency of neutron detection are crucial for laying a solid foundation for subsequent data analysis and physical results.

Methods

We obtain the stability by studying variations of event rate and thermal neutron rate in each cluster and the consistency by comparing distribution of number of thermal neutrons between clusters. Additionally, we investigate the specific influences of the rainy and dry seasons, as well as the presence or absence of sand cubes under the detectors, to examine the environmental factors affecting neutron measurement performance.

Results

The calibration results indicate good consistency in thermal neutron detection across the clusters, with the maximum inconsistency of 6.85%. The maximum instability of event rate and thermal neutron rate over time are 4.68% and 11.0%, respectively. The maximum inconsistency between the clusters without the sand cubes is 18%. The use of sand cubes is effective in protecting the target material from rainwater, and the sand cubes help the cluster to increase collection of neutrons generated by EAS events.