<p>In this paper, we extend the concepts of norm and numerical radius parallelism by replacing scalar operators with unitary operators. We establish results that generalize those for classical parallelism, and explore several properties and characterizations of these new generalized concepts. Additionally, for <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41478_2025_935_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="64" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q \in [0,1]\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, we define <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41478_2025_935_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>A</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> as <i>q-numerical radius parallel</i> to <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41478_2025_935_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(B\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>B</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> if there exists a complex number <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41478_2025_935_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="15" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\lambda\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>λ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with unit modulus such that <Equation ID="Equ6"> <MediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41478_2025_935_Article_Equ6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="222" /> </MediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} w_q(A + \lambda B) = w_q(A) + w_q(B), \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mi>q</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mi>B</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mi>q</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mi>q</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>B</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>where <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41478_2025_935_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="20" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(w_q\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mi>q</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> denotes the <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41478_2025_935_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="12" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>q</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-numerical radius. Specifically, for <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41478_2025_935_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="41" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q = 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41478_2025_935_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="101" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(w_0(A) = d(A)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41478_2025_935_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="35" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(d(A)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> represents the distance of <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41478_2025_935_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="14" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="17" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>A</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> from scalar operators. We also introduce the concepts of scalar distance parallelism and Berezin parallelism, and present results analogous to those established for numerical radius parallelism. </p>

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New definitions of parallelism for hilbert space operators

  • Ahmed Elbarbouchi,
  • Mohamed Chraibi Kaadoud

摘要

In this paper, we extend the concepts of norm and numerical radius parallelism by replacing scalar operators with unitary operators. We establish results that generalize those for classical parallelism, and explore several properties and characterizations of these new generalized concepts. Additionally, for \(q \in [0,1]\) q [ 0 , 1 ] , we define \(A\) A as q-numerical radius parallel to \(B\) B if there exists a complex number \(\lambda\) λ with unit modulus such that \(\begin{aligned} w_q(A + \lambda B) = w_q(A) + w_q(B), \end{aligned}\) w q ( A + λ B ) = w q ( A ) + w q ( B ) , where \(w_q\) w q denotes the \(q\) q -numerical radius. Specifically, for \(q = 0\) q = 0 , \(w_0(A) = d(A)\) w 0 ( A ) = d ( A ) , where \(d(A)\) d ( A ) represents the distance of \(A\) A from scalar operators. We also introduce the concepts of scalar distance parallelism and Berezin parallelism, and present results analogous to those established for numerical radius parallelism.