<p>Accurate spallation-neutron source terms are essential for accelerator-driven systems (ADS), yet double-differential cross-section (DDX) data remain sparse, particularly for proton-<InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^\text {nat}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mtext>nat</mtext> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>Pb, a benchmark ADS target. We present a data-driven pathway from sparse measurements to dense DDX using a Bayesian tensor model together with a physics-consistent interpolation scheme tailored for ADS source-term construction. A total of 1,727 DDX points for proton–<InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^\text {nat}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mtext>nat</mtext> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>Pb, compiled from EXFOR and the literature, spanning eight incident energies (10&#xa0;MeV–3&#xa0;GeV) and seven angles (7.5–<InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(150^\circ\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mn>150</mn> <mo>∘</mo> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>), are used jointly to fit the tensor model. Under the selected hyperparameters, the model shows strong in-sample agreement on a logarithmic scale. For data-sparse checks, we compare predictions with the Bertini intranuclear-cascade model in Geant4 (and BERT_HP where available) on common discrete grids: Agreement is close below 10&#xa0;MeV; in the 20–100&#xa0;MeV band, where BERT/BERT_HP often underpredict the measurements, our predictions remain physically plausible. To deliver application-ready inputs, we construct a high-resolution dataset via bilinear interpolation in <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\((E_\text {p},\theta )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mtext>p</mtext> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mi>θ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> on self-similar energy slices <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\kappa =\ln (E_\text {n}/E_\text {p})\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>κ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>ln</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mtext>n</mtext> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mtext>p</mtext> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, evaluated on a regular grid with 1&#xa0;MeV spacing in <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(E_\text {p}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mtext>p</mtext> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(0.5^\circ\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>.</mo> <msup> <mn>5</mn> <mo>∘</mo> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\theta\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>θ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, with a no-extrapolation policy. The interpolants preserve evaporation-like low-energy behavior and forward-peaked high-energy emission while remaining consistent with Geant4 trends. The resulting proton-<InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^\text {nat}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mtext>nat</mtext> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>Pb DDX dataset, covering the CiADS design point (500&#xa0;MeV) and its neighborhood, can be coupled to transport codes (e.g., OpenMC) for anisotropic source-term calculations and can be extended to other targets and reactions.</p>

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From sparse measurements to dense DDX: Bayesian tensor analysis of proton-natPb for ADS source terms

  • Hui-Zi Liu,
  • Ying-Ge Huang,
  • Hui Wang,
  • Er-Xi Xiao,
  • Jia-Li Huang,
  • Yu-Jie Feng,
  • Fu-Chang Gu,
  • Qia-Feng Chen,
  • Jun Su

摘要

Accurate spallation-neutron source terms are essential for accelerator-driven systems (ADS), yet double-differential cross-section (DDX) data remain sparse, particularly for proton- \(^\text {nat}\) nat Pb, a benchmark ADS target. We present a data-driven pathway from sparse measurements to dense DDX using a Bayesian tensor model together with a physics-consistent interpolation scheme tailored for ADS source-term construction. A total of 1,727 DDX points for proton– \(^\text {nat}\) nat Pb, compiled from EXFOR and the literature, spanning eight incident energies (10 MeV–3 GeV) and seven angles (7.5– \(150^\circ\) 150 ), are used jointly to fit the tensor model. Under the selected hyperparameters, the model shows strong in-sample agreement on a logarithmic scale. For data-sparse checks, we compare predictions with the Bertini intranuclear-cascade model in Geant4 (and BERT_HP where available) on common discrete grids: Agreement is close below 10 MeV; in the 20–100 MeV band, where BERT/BERT_HP often underpredict the measurements, our predictions remain physically plausible. To deliver application-ready inputs, we construct a high-resolution dataset via bilinear interpolation in \((E_\text {p},\theta )\) ( E p , θ ) on self-similar energy slices \(\kappa =\ln (E_\text {n}/E_\text {p})\) κ = ln ( E n / E p ) , evaluated on a regular grid with 1 MeV spacing in \(E_\text {p}\) E p and \(0.5^\circ\) 0 . 5 in \(\theta\) θ , with a no-extrapolation policy. The interpolants preserve evaporation-like low-energy behavior and forward-peaked high-energy emission while remaining consistent with Geant4 trends. The resulting proton- \(^\text {nat}\) nat Pb DDX dataset, covering the CiADS design point (500 MeV) and its neighborhood, can be coupled to transport codes (e.g., OpenMC) for anisotropic source-term calculations and can be extended to other targets and reactions.