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<p>X-rays are widely used in the non-destructive testing (NDT) of electrical equipment. Radio frequency (RF) electron linear accelerators can generate &#xa0;MeV high-energy X-rays with strong penetrating ability; however, the system generally has a large scale, which is not suitable for on-site testing. Compared with the S-band (S-linac) at the same stage of beam energy, the accelerator working in the X-band (X-linac) can compress the facility scale by over 2/3 in the longitudinal direction, which is convenient for the on-site NDT of electrical equipment. To address the beam quality and design complexity simultaneously, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II), which is a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA), was developed to optimize the cavity chain design of the X-linac. Additionally, the designs of the focusing coils, electron gun, and RF couplers, which are other key components of the X-linac, were introduced in this context. In particular, the focusing coil distributions were optimized using a genetic algorithm. Furthermore, after designing such key components, PARMELA software was adopted to perform beam dynamics calculations with the optimized accelerating fields and magnetic fields. The results show that the beam performance was obtained with a capture ratio of more than 90%, an energy spread of less than 10%, and an average energy of approximately 3 MeV. The design and simulation results indicate that the proposed NSGA-II-based approach is feasible for X-linac accelerator design. Furthermore, it can be generalized as a universal technique for industrial electron linear accelerators provided that specific optimization objectives and constraints are set according to different application scenarios and requirements.</p>

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Design and optimization of a compact high-energy electron source applied to on-site non-destructive testing for electrical equipment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月29日

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  • Hai-Meng Wang,
  • Yi-Feng Zeng,
  • Hao Hu,
  • Jun-Yang Li,
  • Tong-Ning Hu

摘要

X-rays are widely used in the non-destructive testing (NDT) of electrical equipment. Radio frequency (RF) electron linear accelerators can generate  MeV high-energy X-rays with strong penetrating ability; however, the system generally has a large scale, which is not suitable for on-site testing. Compared with the S-band (S-linac) at the same stage of beam energy, the accelerator working in the X-band (X-linac) can compress the facility scale by over 2/3 in the longitudinal direction, which is convenient for the on-site NDT of electrical equipment. To address the beam quality and design complexity simultaneously, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II), which is a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA), was developed to optimize the cavity chain design of the X-linac. Additionally, the designs of the focusing coils, electron gun, and RF couplers, which are other key components of the X-linac, were introduced in this context. In particular, the focusing coil distributions were optimized using a genetic algorithm. Furthermore, after designing such key components, PARMELA software was adopted to perform beam dynamics calculations with the optimized accelerating fields and magnetic fields. The results show that the beam performance was obtained with a capture ratio of more than 90%, an energy spread of less than 10%, and an average energy of approximately 3 MeV. The design and simulation results indicate that the proposed NSGA-II-based approach is feasible for X-linac accelerator design. Furthermore, it can be generalized as a universal technique for industrial electron linear accelerators provided that specific optimization objectives and constraints are set according to different application scenarios and requirements.