<p>This study presents a real-time tracking algorithm derived from the retina algorithm, designed for the rapid, real-time tracking of straight-line particle trajectories. These trajectories are detected by pixel detectors to localize single-event effects in two-dimensional space. Initially, we developed a retina algorithm to track the trajectory of a single heavy ion and achieved a positional accuracy of 40 <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41365_2025_1679_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\upmu$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">μ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>m. This was accomplished by analyzing trajectory samples from the simulations using a pixel sensor with a 72 <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41365_2025_1679_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\times$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>×</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> 72 pixel array and an 83 <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="41365_2025_1679_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="12" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">$\upmu$</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi mathvariant="normal">μ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>m pixel pitch. Subsequently, we refined this approach to create an iterative retina algorithm for tracking multiple heavy-ion trajectories in single events. This iterative version demonstrated a tracking efficiency of over 97%, with a positional resolution comparable to that of single-track events. Furthermore, it exhibits significant parallelism, requires fewer resources, and is ideally suited for implementation in field-programmable gate arrays on board-level systems, facilitating real-time online trajectory tracking.</p>

Retina algorithm for heavy-ion tracking in single-event effects localization

期刊论文
发表日期：

2025年4月18日

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Wen-Di Deng,
Jin-Chuan Wang,
Hui-Peng Pan,
Wei Zhang,
Jian-Song Wang,
Fu-Qiang Wang,
Zi-Li Li,
Ren-Zhuo Wan

摘要

This study presents a real-time tracking algorithm derived from the retina algorithm, designed for the rapid, real-time tracking of straight-line particle trajectories. These trajectories are detected by pixel detectors to localize single-event effects in two-dimensional space. Initially, we developed a retina algorithm to track the trajectory of a single heavy ion and achieved a positional accuracy of 40 $\upmu$ $μ$ m. This was accomplished by analyzing trajectory samples from the simulations using a pixel sensor with a 72 $\times$ $\times$ 72 pixel array and an 83 $\upmu$ $μ$ m pixel pitch. Subsequently, we refined this approach to create an iterative retina algorithm for tracking multiple heavy-ion trajectories in single events. This iterative version demonstrated a tracking efficiency of over 97%, with a positional resolution comparable to that of single-track events. Furthermore, it exhibits significant parallelism, requires fewer resources, and is ideally suited for implementation in field-programmable gate arrays on board-level systems, facilitating real-time online trajectory tracking.