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<p>The present study assessed the insecticidal toxicity of emulsifiable concentrates (ECs) of cress and cypress plant oils on <i>Spodoptera littoralis</i> larvae in their third instar. The most significant phytocompounds found in cress oil by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis were (10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester and 13-octadecenoic acid methyl ester. The main constituents of cypress oil were α-pinene and 3-carene. Both cress (Cr-EC) and cypress (Cy-EC) formulations exhibited greater toxicity than their respective pure oils after 72&#xa0;h of exposure, with mortality directly correlating with concentration. Compared with the control, the larvae treated with LC<sub>40</sub> of Cr-EC and Cy-EC exhibited substantial reductions in growth parameters, including body increment, consumption index, and relative growth rate. There was no significant difference in the feeding deterrent index between Cr-EC (38.39 ± 10.54%) and Cy-EC (52.54 ± 9.68%). Biochemical assays revealed marked reductions in the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), α-amylase, and lipase in treated larvae. Enzyme activities were normalized to tissue weight; thus, observed changes may reflect broader metabolic alterations alongside specific enzymatic effects. Molecular docking of four major compounds: (10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester and 13-octadecenoic acid methyl ester from cress oil, as well as α-pinene and 3-carene from cypress oil, against AChE and GST demonstrated stable binding interactions. The four ligands showed binding energies ranging from − 6.4 to − 6.8&#xa0;kcal/mol for AChE and − 5.6 to − 4.8&#xa0;kcal/mol for GST. These findings highlight the insecticidal potential of cress and cypress oil ECs as promising botanical alternatives for managing <i>S. littoralis</i> populations.</p>

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Bioactivity of cress and cypress emulsifiable concentrate plant oils against Spodoptera littoralis: toxicity, nutritional disruption, and in silico binding studies

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月27日

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  • Samar S. Ibrahim,
  • Hala M. Metwally¹

摘要

The present study assessed the insecticidal toxicity of emulsifiable concentrates (ECs) of cress and cypress plant oils on Spodoptera littoralis larvae in their third instar. The most significant phytocompounds found in cress oil by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis were (10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester and 13-octadecenoic acid methyl ester. The main constituents of cypress oil were α-pinene and 3-carene. Both cress (Cr-EC) and cypress (Cy-EC) formulations exhibited greater toxicity than their respective pure oils after 72 h of exposure, with mortality directly correlating with concentration. Compared with the control, the larvae treated with LC40 of Cr-EC and Cy-EC exhibited substantial reductions in growth parameters, including body increment, consumption index, and relative growth rate. There was no significant difference in the feeding deterrent index between Cr-EC (38.39 ± 10.54%) and Cy-EC (52.54 ± 9.68%). Biochemical assays revealed marked reductions in the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), α-amylase, and lipase in treated larvae. Enzyme activities were normalized to tissue weight; thus, observed changes may reflect broader metabolic alterations alongside specific enzymatic effects. Molecular docking of four major compounds: (10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester and 13-octadecenoic acid methyl ester from cress oil, as well as α-pinene and 3-carene from cypress oil, against AChE and GST demonstrated stable binding interactions. The four ligands showed binding energies ranging from − 6.4 to − 6.8 kcal/mol for AChE and − 5.6 to − 4.8 kcal/mol for GST. These findings highlight the insecticidal potential of cress and cypress oil ECs as promising botanical alternatives for managing S. littoralis populations.