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<p>Fungal pathogens including <i>Fusarium</i> and <i>Aspergillus</i> species are harmful to agricultural crops and are becoming increasingly resistant to existing antifungal drugs. Therefore, it is necessary to explore safer and more effective alternatives. <i>Lignosus rhinocerus</i> (LR), a medicinal mushroom rich in bioactive metabolites, provides an environmentally sustainable source of reducing and stabilizing agents for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). In this study, <i>L. rhinocerus</i> extract was used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The gradual change in color of the reaction mixture from light to dark brown indicated that Ag⁺ ions were reduced. This was further confirmed throughultraviolet (UV)-visible (VIS)&#xa0;spectroscopy, which showed an absorption peak at 410&#xa0;nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealedthat most of the <i>L. rhinocerus</i>-mediated silver nanoparticles (LR-AgNPs) were spherical to slightly irregular in shape. The particle sizes ranged from 60 to 85&#xa0;nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of LR-AgNPs, showing a strong silver peak in elemental form along with other elements such as aluminium (Al), iron (Fe), and oxygen (O). Different functional groups (O–H, N–H, aliphatic C–H, amide I and II, C–N, C–O, and C–O–C) were identified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The dynamic light scattering (DLS) exhibited a particle size distribution with a dominant peak cantered at approximately ~ 100&#xa0;nm, within a size range of ~ 80–120&#xa0;nm. To test the antifungal activities of LR-AgNPs, various concentrations (100–500&#xa0;ppm) of LR-AgNPs and antifungal drug Fluconazole (FLZ) were applied against <i>Fusarium solani</i> and <i>Aspergillus ochraceus</i> using the well diffusion assay. The results revealed that LR-AgNPs effectively suppressed the growth of <i>F. solani</i> and <i>A. ochraceus</i>, producing zones of inhibition of 33.0&#xa0;mm and 16.0&#xa0;mm, respectively, at a concentration of 500&#xa0;ppm. Furthermore, a radial growth assay conducted at 500&#xa0;ppm demonstrated that LR-AgNPs inhibited the growth of <i>F. solani</i> by 76% and <i>A. ochraceus</i> by 61%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that described the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from <i>L</i>. <i>rhinocerus</i> extract. Future work should explore their mechanisms, safety, and formulation to advance practical applications.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Exploring the antifungal potential of Lignosus rhinocerus as a green nano factory for silver nanoparticles synthesis against plant pathogens

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月3日

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  • Muhammad Shahbaz,
  • Chuan Cheak Chong,
  • Kishneth Palaniveloo,
  • Jaya Seelan Sathiya Seelan

摘要

Fungal pathogens including Fusarium and Aspergillus species are harmful to agricultural crops and are becoming increasingly resistant to existing antifungal drugs. Therefore, it is necessary to explore safer and more effective alternatives. Lignosus rhinocerus (LR), a medicinal mushroom rich in bioactive metabolites, provides an environmentally sustainable source of reducing and stabilizing agents for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). In this study, L. rhinocerus extract was used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The gradual change in color of the reaction mixture from light to dark brown indicated that Ag⁺ ions were reduced. This was further confirmed throughultraviolet (UV)-visible (VIS) spectroscopy, which showed an absorption peak at 410 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealedthat most of the L. rhinocerus-mediated silver nanoparticles (LR-AgNPs) were spherical to slightly irregular in shape. The particle sizes ranged from 60 to 85 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of LR-AgNPs, showing a strong silver peak in elemental form along with other elements such as aluminium (Al), iron (Fe), and oxygen (O). Different functional groups (O–H, N–H, aliphatic C–H, amide I and II, C–N, C–O, and C–O–C) were identified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The dynamic light scattering (DLS) exhibited a particle size distribution with a dominant peak cantered at approximately ~ 100 nm, within a size range of ~ 80–120 nm. To test the antifungal activities of LR-AgNPs, various concentrations (100–500 ppm) of LR-AgNPs and antifungal drug Fluconazole (FLZ) were applied against Fusarium solani and Aspergillus ochraceus using the well diffusion assay. The results revealed that LR-AgNPs effectively suppressed the growth of F. solani and A. ochraceus, producing zones of inhibition of 33.0 mm and 16.0 mm, respectively, at a concentration of 500 ppm. Furthermore, a radial growth assay conducted at 500 ppm demonstrated that LR-AgNPs inhibited the growth of F. solani by 76% and A. ochraceus by 61%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that described the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from L. rhinocerus extract. Future work should explore their mechanisms, safety, and formulation to advance practical applications.

Graphical abstract