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<p><i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i> is a destructive soil-borne pathogen causing white mold and root and crown rot in common bean and several economically important crops. This study evaluated jojoba oil (<i>Simmondsia chinensis</i>) as a plant-derived biofungicide against <i>S. sclerotiorum</i> by integrating gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) profiling with in vitro antifungal assays and greenhouse validation. GC–MS analysis showed a chemically diverse profile containing heneicosane (3.75%), tetracosane (3.42%), 7-methyl-octadecane (3.05%), conjugated linoleic acid (1.92%), squalene (0.14%), and beta-tocopherol (0.17%). Although long-chain alkanes represented the dominant detected fraction, they are not assumed to be the sole antifungal agents; rather, the observed activity may result from the combined effects of bioactive minor constituents, including unsaturated fatty acids, phenolic compounds, squalene, tocopherols, and other lipid-associated metabolites. Jojoba oil inhibited fungal development in a concentration-dependent manner. At 1%, 2.5%, and 5%, it reduced linear mycelial growth by 23%, 57%, and 66%, respectively, while mycelial dry weight decreased by 39%, 64%, and 88%. Sclerotia formation was suppressed by 70%, 80%, and 85%, and carpogenic germination decreased by 20%, 43%, and 50%, respectively. Under greenhouse conditions, disease severity in untreated infected common bean plants reached 70%, whereas 5% jojoba oil reduced severity to 40%. These findings demonstrate that jojoba oil provides meaningful but partial suppression of <i>S. sclerotiorum</i> by affecting vegetative growth, biomass accumulation, sclerotia formation, and reproductive germination. Therefore, jojoba oil may be considered a promising component of sustainable disease-management programs aimed at reducing dependence on synthetic fungicides.</p>

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Jojoba oil as a biofungicide against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: in vitro and greenhouse evaluation in common bean

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月26日

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  • Ranya M. S. El-Ashmony,
  • Amged El-Harairy,
  • Wael Elmenofy,
  • Mohamed Mohamed El-Mogy,
  • Sherif El-Ganainy,
  • Yasmine Abdallah

摘要

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a destructive soil-borne pathogen causing white mold and root and crown rot in common bean and several economically important crops. This study evaluated jojoba oil (Simmondsia chinensis) as a plant-derived biofungicide against S. sclerotiorum by integrating gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) profiling with in vitro antifungal assays and greenhouse validation. GC–MS analysis showed a chemically diverse profile containing heneicosane (3.75%), tetracosane (3.42%), 7-methyl-octadecane (3.05%), conjugated linoleic acid (1.92%), squalene (0.14%), and beta-tocopherol (0.17%). Although long-chain alkanes represented the dominant detected fraction, they are not assumed to be the sole antifungal agents; rather, the observed activity may result from the combined effects of bioactive minor constituents, including unsaturated fatty acids, phenolic compounds, squalene, tocopherols, and other lipid-associated metabolites. Jojoba oil inhibited fungal development in a concentration-dependent manner. At 1%, 2.5%, and 5%, it reduced linear mycelial growth by 23%, 57%, and 66%, respectively, while mycelial dry weight decreased by 39%, 64%, and 88%. Sclerotia formation was suppressed by 70%, 80%, and 85%, and carpogenic germination decreased by 20%, 43%, and 50%, respectively. Under greenhouse conditions, disease severity in untreated infected common bean plants reached 70%, whereas 5% jojoba oil reduced severity to 40%. These findings demonstrate that jojoba oil provides meaningful but partial suppression of S. sclerotiorum by affecting vegetative growth, biomass accumulation, sclerotia formation, and reproductive germination. Therefore, jojoba oil may be considered a promising component of sustainable disease-management programs aimed at reducing dependence on synthetic fungicides.