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<p>Spinach (<i>Spinacia oleracea</i>) is a globally cultivated leafy vegetable with significant economic value, yet its production is severely threatened by downy mildew caused by <i>Peronospora effusa</i>, resulting in substantial yield losses and reduced marketability, particularly in organic production systems. Chitin-binding type 1 (CHTBD1) proteins play critical roles in pathogen recognition and immune activation across plant species. However, their genomic organization and potential involvement in disease resistance have not been explored in spinach. In this study, we performed genome-wide identification and characterization of the CHTBD1 gene family in spinach, including phylogenetic analysis with <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> and <i>Oryza sativa</i>, domain architecture profiling, chromosomal distribution mapping, cross-species synteny analysis with four representative angiosperms, and promoter cis-element prediction. We identified 27 <i>SoCHTBD1</i> genes distributed across four chromosomes, exhibiting diverse domain architectures and enrichment of stress-responsive and pathogen-associated <i>cis</i>-regulatory elements. Quantitative real-time PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) analysis of 14 selected genes in resistant (U9) and susceptible (S2) cultivars under downy mildew infection and control conditions revealed tissue-specific and genotype-dependent expression patterns across six tissue types. Eight pathogen-responsive candidate genes were identified, with <i>SOV2g038970.1</i>, <i>SOV2g000570.1</i>, and <i>SOV6g037200.1</i> showing upregulation in multiple tissues and differential expression between resistant and susceptible cultivars. This study provides a systematic characterization of the CHTBD1 gene family in spinach and valuable genetic resources for future functional validation and resistance breeding.</p>

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Characterization of the CHTBD1 gene family in Spinacia oleracea reveals candidate genes for downy mildew resistance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月11日

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  • Xiaoyu Mo,
  • Yilin Zong,
  • Huan Liu,
  • Yuan Zhao,
  • Yahan Zhu,
  • Xiaoli Wang,
  • Chenxi Xu,
  • Xiaofeng Cai

摘要

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is a globally cultivated leafy vegetable with significant economic value, yet its production is severely threatened by downy mildew caused by Peronospora effusa, resulting in substantial yield losses and reduced marketability, particularly in organic production systems. Chitin-binding type 1 (CHTBD1) proteins play critical roles in pathogen recognition and immune activation across plant species. However, their genomic organization and potential involvement in disease resistance have not been explored in spinach. In this study, we performed genome-wide identification and characterization of the CHTBD1 gene family in spinach, including phylogenetic analysis with Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa, domain architecture profiling, chromosomal distribution mapping, cross-species synteny analysis with four representative angiosperms, and promoter cis-element prediction. We identified 27 SoCHTBD1 genes distributed across four chromosomes, exhibiting diverse domain architectures and enrichment of stress-responsive and pathogen-associated cis-regulatory elements. Quantitative real-time PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) analysis of 14 selected genes in resistant (U9) and susceptible (S2) cultivars under downy mildew infection and control conditions revealed tissue-specific and genotype-dependent expression patterns across six tissue types. Eight pathogen-responsive candidate genes were identified, with SOV2g038970.1, SOV2g000570.1, and SOV6g037200.1 showing upregulation in multiple tissues and differential expression between resistant and susceptible cultivars. This study provides a systematic characterization of the CHTBD1 gene family in spinach and valuable genetic resources for future functional validation and resistance breeding.