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<p>Effective management of the red flour beetle, <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> (Herbst), is essential to reduce postharvest grain losses. This study evaluated the repellent efficacy of six essential oil components (EOCs), carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, citronellol, D-limonene, thymol, and trans-anethole, alone and in combination with the standard repellent N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) against adult and larval stages of <i>T. castaneum</i>. Repellency of individual compounds was assessed at concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 20 mg/mL, followed by evaluation of DEET–EOC mixtures. Insect choice behavior was applied using Petri dish bioassays. All tested EOCs exhibited notable repellent activity against both life stages, with repellency ranging from 14.0 to 100.0% depending on concentration. Importantly, DEET–EOC combinations at the PR₅₀ level achieved 94.0–100.0% repellency, nearly doubling the effectiveness of individual treatments (44.0–56.0%). DEET alone provided sustained repellency against adults for up to 10 days, whereas most EOCs remained effective for approximately 7 days. For larvae, the repellent effect of both DEET and EOCs declined after 3 days. In the presence of food, DEET and EOCs effectively deterred beetle infestation of treated flour for up to 7 days, maintaining 93.0–100.0% repellency. Storage assays further confirmed that flour treated with DEET and trans-anethole retained complete repellency. In contrast, mixtures of EOCs without DEET displayed antagonistic effects; for example, a triple blend produced only 74.0% repellency compared with &gt; 90.0% for individual compounds. Overall, these findings indicate that although botanical mixtures alone may suffer from antagonistic interactions, DEET–EOC formulations offer a synergistic and promising strategy for integrated pest management of stored grain pests.</p>

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Repellent interactions of DEET with essential oil components against the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月2日

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  • Shawky M. Aboelhadid,
  • Hassan M. Eltalawy,
  • Saleh Al-Quraishy,
  • Ezzat M. Awad,
  • Manal Ahmed,
  • Heba Abdeltwab,
  • Samar M. Ibrahium,
  • Abdel-Azeem S. Abdel-Baki

摘要

Effective management of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), is essential to reduce postharvest grain losses. This study evaluated the repellent efficacy of six essential oil components (EOCs), carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, citronellol, D-limonene, thymol, and trans-anethole, alone and in combination with the standard repellent N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) against adult and larval stages of T. castaneum. Repellency of individual compounds was assessed at concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 20 mg/mL, followed by evaluation of DEET–EOC mixtures. Insect choice behavior was applied using Petri dish bioassays. All tested EOCs exhibited notable repellent activity against both life stages, with repellency ranging from 14.0 to 100.0% depending on concentration. Importantly, DEET–EOC combinations at the PR₅₀ level achieved 94.0–100.0% repellency, nearly doubling the effectiveness of individual treatments (44.0–56.0%). DEET alone provided sustained repellency against adults for up to 10 days, whereas most EOCs remained effective for approximately 7 days. For larvae, the repellent effect of both DEET and EOCs declined after 3 days. In the presence of food, DEET and EOCs effectively deterred beetle infestation of treated flour for up to 7 days, maintaining 93.0–100.0% repellency. Storage assays further confirmed that flour treated with DEET and trans-anethole retained complete repellency. In contrast, mixtures of EOCs without DEET displayed antagonistic effects; for example, a triple blend produced only 74.0% repellency compared with > 90.0% for individual compounds. Overall, these findings indicate that although botanical mixtures alone may suffer from antagonistic interactions, DEET–EOC formulations offer a synergistic and promising strategy for integrated pest management of stored grain pests.