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<p>Recent etiological surveys of fig canker in southern Iran revealed two <i>Fusarium</i> sensu stricto species as emerging pathogens&#xa0;of fig (<i>Ficus carica</i>&#xa0;L.).&#xa0;Integrated morphological and phylogenetic analyses of the translation elongation factor 1–alpha (<i>tef1</i>) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (<i>rpb2</i>) genes identified <i>Fusarium decemcellulare</i> and <i>F. annulatum</i> as the causal agents of fig Nectria canker on commercially important ‘Sabz’ and ‘Shah-Anjeer’ cultivars in Fars Province. The two species induced distinct symptomologies: <i>F. decemcellulare</i> was associated with external cankers with central wood necrosis, whereas <i>F. </i><i>annulatum</i> caused cankers with internal wedge-shaped necrosis. Pathogenicity assays on detached shoots of ‘Sabz’ confirmed that all isolates were pathogenic, with significant variation in aggressiveness. Principal component analysis classified the isolates into three aggressiveness groups, identifying <i>F. annulatum</i> isolate ES210 as the most aggressive. Pathogenicity tests on fig saplings fulfilled Koch’s postulates, with both species inducing sunken lesions, wood necrosis, and vascular discoloration. Fruit inoculations demonstrated that both pathogens cause mesocarp discoloration and necrosis, with conidial suspensions proving more virulent than mycelial plugs. Notably, <i>F. annulatum</i> uniquely induced a soft rot in fruits. Host range evaluation across 18 fruit tree species revealed a broad potential pathogenic threat, with <i>F. decemcellulare</i> and <i>F. annulatum</i> causing wood necrosis in 17 and 16 species, respectively. The highest disease severity was observed on persimmon, peach, almond, and apricot based on the lesion dimensions. This is the first report globally implicating <i>F. decemcellulare</i> and <i>F. annulatum</i> in fig Nectria canker. Given their aggressive nature, wide host range, and presence in a key production region, these pathogens may represent significant emerging biosecurity threats with the potential for global impact on fruit production, underscoring the urgent need for targeted management and surveillance strategies.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Fusarium decemcellulare and F. annulatum, two emerging canker pathogens of fig trees and their potential pathogenicity on some fruit trees

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月3日

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  • Sadaf Sardooei,
  • Zeinab Bolboli,
  • Moslem Jafari,
  • Reza Mostowfizadeh-Ghalamfarsa

摘要

Recent etiological surveys of fig canker in southern Iran revealed two Fusarium sensu stricto species as emerging pathogens of fig (Ficus carica L.). Integrated morphological and phylogenetic analyses of the translation elongation factor 1–alpha (tef1) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) genes identified Fusarium decemcellulare and F. annulatum as the causal agents of fig Nectria canker on commercially important ‘Sabz’ and ‘Shah-Anjeer’ cultivars in Fars Province. The two species induced distinct symptomologies: F. decemcellulare was associated with external cankers with central wood necrosis, whereas F. annulatum caused cankers with internal wedge-shaped necrosis. Pathogenicity assays on detached shoots of ‘Sabz’ confirmed that all isolates were pathogenic, with significant variation in aggressiveness. Principal component analysis classified the isolates into three aggressiveness groups, identifying F. annulatum isolate ES210 as the most aggressive. Pathogenicity tests on fig saplings fulfilled Koch’s postulates, with both species inducing sunken lesions, wood necrosis, and vascular discoloration. Fruit inoculations demonstrated that both pathogens cause mesocarp discoloration and necrosis, with conidial suspensions proving more virulent than mycelial plugs. Notably, F. annulatum uniquely induced a soft rot in fruits. Host range evaluation across 18 fruit tree species revealed a broad potential pathogenic threat, with F. decemcellulare and F. annulatum causing wood necrosis in 17 and 16 species, respectively. The highest disease severity was observed on persimmon, peach, almond, and apricot based on the lesion dimensions. This is the first report globally implicating F. decemcellulare and F. annulatum in fig Nectria canker. Given their aggressive nature, wide host range, and presence in a key production region, these pathogens may represent significant emerging biosecurity threats with the potential for global impact on fruit production, underscoring the urgent need for targeted management and surveillance strategies.

Graphical Abstract