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<p>Crude metabolites produced by rhizospheric and endophytic fungi isolated from <i>Litchi chinensis</i> Sonn. (Bilati variety) were evaluated for their antagonistic activity against <i>Alternaria alternata</i>, the causal agent of tomato leaf spot and litchi blight. Among the four tested isolates, <i>Penicillium citrinum</i> (BE14) and <i>Fusarium solani</i> (SF04) exhibited strongest antifungal effects, with 68.52% and 64.04% growth inhibition, respectively, significantly (p ≤ 0.05) outperforming fluconazole (48.73%). FTIR analysis of their crude metabolites revealed hydroxyl (–OH), aliphatic and alkenic C–H stretches, carbonyl (C = O), C–H, and C–O groups, indicating the presence of alcohols, ketones, esters, and ethers. Halogenated compounds were detected in both isolates, while unique N–H stretching (SF04) and alkene (= C–H) bending (BE14) suggested distinct metabolic pathways with potential for natural-product-based antifungal discovery. GC–MS profiling confirmed a wide range of bioactive metabolites, including hydroxy ketones, phenols, esters, aromatic ketones, acids, alcohols, and halogenated derivatives. Notable shared compounds were 2-pentanone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-; bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; undec-10-ynoic acid dodecyl ester; and 2-piperidinone, N-[4-bromo-n-butyl]. A fungal consortium consisting of BE14, SF04, <i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i> (LE24), <i>Aspergillus aculeatus</i> (SF32), and two sterile isolates (LE07, SF11) reduced <i>A. alternata</i>-induced disease severity in tomato by 67.8% (p ≤ 0.05). This reduction was associated with elevated defence-related enzyme activities, including peroxidase (2.64-fold), polyphenol oxidase (1.61-fold), superoxide dismutase (1.45-fold), catalase (2.33-fold), and chitinase (2.72-fold), indicating strong activation of host innate immunity. Overall, the study demonstrates the biocontrol potential of fungal metabolites and consortium, though field validation and multi-omics studies are needed to confirm scalability and mechanistic pathways.</p>

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Modulation of plant immune responses by endophytic and rhizospheric fungi from Litchi chinensis Sonn. (var. Bilati) in biocontrol of Alternaria alternata

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月3日

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  • Amlan Roy,
  • Nirmali Gogoi

摘要

Crude metabolites produced by rhizospheric and endophytic fungi isolated from Litchi chinensis Sonn. (Bilati variety) were evaluated for their antagonistic activity against Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of tomato leaf spot and litchi blight. Among the four tested isolates, Penicillium citrinum (BE14) and Fusarium solani (SF04) exhibited strongest antifungal effects, with 68.52% and 64.04% growth inhibition, respectively, significantly (p ≤ 0.05) outperforming fluconazole (48.73%). FTIR analysis of their crude metabolites revealed hydroxyl (–OH), aliphatic and alkenic C–H stretches, carbonyl (C = O), C–H, and C–O groups, indicating the presence of alcohols, ketones, esters, and ethers. Halogenated compounds were detected in both isolates, while unique N–H stretching (SF04) and alkene (= C–H) bending (BE14) suggested distinct metabolic pathways with potential for natural-product-based antifungal discovery. GC–MS profiling confirmed a wide range of bioactive metabolites, including hydroxy ketones, phenols, esters, aromatic ketones, acids, alcohols, and halogenated derivatives. Notable shared compounds were 2-pentanone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-; bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate; undec-10-ynoic acid dodecyl ester; and 2-piperidinone, N-[4-bromo-n-butyl]. A fungal consortium consisting of BE14, SF04, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (LE24), Aspergillus aculeatus (SF32), and two sterile isolates (LE07, SF11) reduced A. alternata-induced disease severity in tomato by 67.8% (p ≤ 0.05). This reduction was associated with elevated defence-related enzyme activities, including peroxidase (2.64-fold), polyphenol oxidase (1.61-fold), superoxide dismutase (1.45-fold), catalase (2.33-fold), and chitinase (2.72-fold), indicating strong activation of host innate immunity. Overall, the study demonstrates the biocontrol potential of fungal metabolites and consortium, though field validation and multi-omics studies are needed to confirm scalability and mechanistic pathways.