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<p>The overuse of synthetic chemical pesticides in agriculture has raised concerns about environmental toxicity, human health risks, and the rise of pest resistance. As a result, plant-derived essential oils are gaining attention as safer and more sustainable alternatives. This study investigated the larvicidal efficacy of single and combined essential oil-based formulations against <i>Spodoptera litura</i>. GC–MS analysis revealed major constituents in thyme (carvone, thymol), geranium (citronellol, geraniol), clove (eugenol, isoeugenol), cedarwood (α-cedrene, cis-thujopsene), and lemongrass (eugenol, linalool) oils. Bioassays showed that cedarwood oil (SF5) achieved 100% larval mortality at 5% v/v concentration within 72&#xa0;h. The combined formulations CF1 (thyme, clove, geranium) and CF6 (lemongrass, cedarwood) demonstrated higher activity, causing full mortality at lower concentrations and over longer exposure times. LC<sub>50</sub> values for CF1 (3.439% v/v) and CF6 (3.832% v/v), with combination index (CI) values well below 1, suggested synergistic interactions. Preliminary pot experiments showed potential plant health benefits, but further validation is required. Although essential oil formulations acted slower than chlorpyrifos, they are promising eco-friendly alternatives with lower persistence and potentially less non-target toxicity. To advance their use in sustainable pest management, more field studies and ecological assessments are necessary.</p>

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Formulations of essential oils as eco-friendly bioinsecticides: phytochemical profiling and their impact on insect and plant growth development

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月9日

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  • Jyotsna Bandi,
  • Jalaja Naravula

摘要

The overuse of synthetic chemical pesticides in agriculture has raised concerns about environmental toxicity, human health risks, and the rise of pest resistance. As a result, plant-derived essential oils are gaining attention as safer and more sustainable alternatives. This study investigated the larvicidal efficacy of single and combined essential oil-based formulations against Spodoptera litura. GC–MS analysis revealed major constituents in thyme (carvone, thymol), geranium (citronellol, geraniol), clove (eugenol, isoeugenol), cedarwood (α-cedrene, cis-thujopsene), and lemongrass (eugenol, linalool) oils. Bioassays showed that cedarwood oil (SF5) achieved 100% larval mortality at 5% v/v concentration within 72 h. The combined formulations CF1 (thyme, clove, geranium) and CF6 (lemongrass, cedarwood) demonstrated higher activity, causing full mortality at lower concentrations and over longer exposure times. LC50 values for CF1 (3.439% v/v) and CF6 (3.832% v/v), with combination index (CI) values well below 1, suggested synergistic interactions. Preliminary pot experiments showed potential plant health benefits, but further validation is required. Although essential oil formulations acted slower than chlorpyrifos, they are promising eco-friendly alternatives with lower persistence and potentially less non-target toxicity. To advance their use in sustainable pest management, more field studies and ecological assessments are necessary.