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<p>Insecticides continue to play a crucial role in protecting global agriculture by preventing significant crop losses. Yet, their persistent, intensive, and often unregulated use has led to the rapid development of resistance in many pest species. The fall armyworm (<i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i>), a highly damaging and highly adaptable polyphagous pest, now poses one of the biggest threats to global food security. Its rapid spread and strong capacity for evolution have increased reliance on chemical control, which has contributed to rising resistance levels, environmental concerns, and economic costs. This review summarizes current knowledge on resistance mechanisms in <i>S. frugiperda</i>, including target-site mutations and metabolic detoxification, and offers an updated overview of global resistance patterns. In addition to chemical methods, we explore integrated and sustainable management strategies, including advanced biotechnologies such as RNA interference (RNAi), CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, nanotechnology-based delivery systems, host plant resistance, biological control and cultural practices. Principles of Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM), such as rotating insecticides with different modes of action and systematically monitoring resistance, are discussed alongside emerging issues, including potential resistance to viral biocontrol agents. By emphasizing innovative technologies and integrated strategies, this review offers new insights into reducing the development of resistance and promoting long-term, environmentally friendly pest management.</p>

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Insights into fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) insecticide resistance development and underlying mechanisms: implications for sustainable pest management

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月9日

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  • Arzlan Abbas,
  • Farman Ullah,
  • Ali Hasnain,
  • Muzafar Riyaz,
  • Komal Shoukat,
  • Ghulam Murtaza,
  • Hamed A. Ghramh,
  • Khalid Ali Khan,
  • Faisal Hafeez,
  • Chen Ri Zhao

摘要

Insecticides continue to play a crucial role in protecting global agriculture by preventing significant crop losses. Yet, their persistent, intensive, and often unregulated use has led to the rapid development of resistance in many pest species. The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), a highly damaging and highly adaptable polyphagous pest, now poses one of the biggest threats to global food security. Its rapid spread and strong capacity for evolution have increased reliance on chemical control, which has contributed to rising resistance levels, environmental concerns, and economic costs. This review summarizes current knowledge on resistance mechanisms in S. frugiperda, including target-site mutations and metabolic detoxification, and offers an updated overview of global resistance patterns. In addition to chemical methods, we explore integrated and sustainable management strategies, including advanced biotechnologies such as RNA interference (RNAi), CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, nanotechnology-based delivery systems, host plant resistance, biological control and cultural practices. Principles of Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM), such as rotating insecticides with different modes of action and systematically monitoring resistance, are discussed alongside emerging issues, including potential resistance to viral biocontrol agents. By emphasizing innovative technologies and integrated strategies, this review offers new insights into reducing the development of resistance and promoting long-term, environmentally friendly pest management.