<p>Essential oils have gained prominence in recent years in scientific research as sustainable alternatives for agricultural pest control, especially within the <i>Spodoptera</i> genus. The diversity of Brazilian flora plants, which possess chemical components crucial for controlling <i>Spodoptera frugiperda,</i> can be explored. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity, effects on nutritional components, and biological parameters of essential oils from <i>Alpinia zerumbet</i> (Zingiberaceae), <i>Syzygium cumini</i> (Myrtaceae), and <i>Aniba rosaeodora</i> (Lauraceae) on <i>S. frugiperda</i>. The toxicity of the essential oils was tested in third-instar larvae. Lethal doses and toxicity ratios were calculated for each oil. To assess nutritional parameters such as total soluble proteins, lipids, sugars, and glycogen, larvae were subjected to the LD₂₀ of the respective essential oils. Adult longevity and biological parameters were evaluated after treatment with LD₂₀. All oils exhibited toxicity to <i>S. frugiperda</i>, with <i>A. zerumbet</i> considered more toxic and having the lowest LD₅₀. There was no difference in oil toxicity according to the LD₉₀. There was no reduction in the quantity of proteins in larvae treated with the LD₂₀ of essential oils. Compared with the control, only <i>A. zerumbet</i> caused a reduction in lipids. A reduction in sugar content occurred in response to treatment with <i>A. rosaeodora</i> and <i>S. cumini</i>. All oils caused a reduction in glycogen content. Thus, regarding the biological parameters, essential oils from <i>S. cumini</i> and <i>A. rosaeodora</i> significantly affected survival and reduced adult longevity, whereas no difference was detected in the larval and pupal periods compared with those of the control. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that the tested essential oils have potential for controlling <i>S. frugiperda</i> and can be used as a sustainable control method.</p>