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<p>Sediments act as a major reservoir and source of contaminants, but simply measuring sediment chemistry can underrepresent true biological exposure. This study aims to provide a comparative assessment of HM (As, Pb, Cd, and Cr) distributions, ecological risks, and bioaccumulation in Five Cowries Creek (FCC), a brackish environment; and Imakun Omi-Ise Creek (IOIC), a freshwater environment. HM were analysed from sediment, water, soft tissues and shells of benthic macroinvertebrates, Perna Perna, and aloides trigona from FCC and IOIC, respectively, using Agilent Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Cd showed enrichment at some FCC stations, though most metals are within the permissible limits of the World Health Organisation (WHO), Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) Average Shale Value (ASV), and Canadian International Sediment Quality Guidelines (ISQG). The concentrations of metals followed a consistent decreasing trend of Cd &gt; Cr &gt; Pb &gt; As in water; Pb &gt; As &gt; Cr &gt; Cd in sediment; at FCC and IOIC, respectively. The HM Evaluation Index (HEI), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Ecological Risk Factor (ERF), and Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) generally show low pollution (HEI &lt; 10) to moderate pollution (10 &lt; HEI &lt; 20); low level of contamination (PLI &lt; 1); and no significant ecological risk( ERF &lt; 40), except for Cd, which reached ERF &gt; 40 at about 10% of the study area. The Bio-sediment Accumulation Factor (BSAF) reveals higher accumulation (BSAF &gt; 1) in Perna Perna tissues than in Aloides trigona, whereas. Cr showed the highest bioaccumulation among the metals. The observed local Cd enrichment in IOIC is linked to diffuse runoff from agricultural activities. The synergistic Risk index (PERI &lt; 150), showed low ecological risk for waterbodies in all the stations. Statistical analysis highlights organic carbon and fine sediment fractions as key drivers of metal accumulation. The study underscores the value of integrating sediment and organism data to improve ecological risk assessment in fresh and brackish water systems.</p>

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Distributions, Ecological Risk, and Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Brackish and Freshwater Creek Systems: A Comparative Study of Five Cowries Creek and Imakun Omi Ise Creek, off the Gulf of Guinea

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月4日

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  • Samuel Olatunde Popoola,
  • Otolorin Opeyemi Oyatola,
  • Rafiu Olaniyi Dada,
  • Shelle,
  • Sikirat Mayowa Giwa,
  • Olubunmi Ayoola Nubi,
  • Joseph Ahamefula Nkwoji,
  • Elizabeth Ekene Nwamba,
  • Aghogho Kolawole-Daniels,
  • Salisu Adamu,
  • Ifeoluwa Folusade Elusade,
  • Maurice Kosisochukwu Owulu,
  • Sherif Shina Kolawole,
  • Edidiong Okon Inyang

摘要

Sediments act as a major reservoir and source of contaminants, but simply measuring sediment chemistry can underrepresent true biological exposure. This study aims to provide a comparative assessment of HM (As, Pb, Cd, and Cr) distributions, ecological risks, and bioaccumulation in Five Cowries Creek (FCC), a brackish environment; and Imakun Omi-Ise Creek (IOIC), a freshwater environment. HM were analysed from sediment, water, soft tissues and shells of benthic macroinvertebrates, Perna Perna, and aloides trigona from FCC and IOIC, respectively, using Agilent Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Cd showed enrichment at some FCC stations, though most metals are within the permissible limits of the World Health Organisation (WHO), Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) Average Shale Value (ASV), and Canadian International Sediment Quality Guidelines (ISQG). The concentrations of metals followed a consistent decreasing trend of Cd > Cr > Pb > As in water; Pb > As > Cr > Cd in sediment; at FCC and IOIC, respectively. The HM Evaluation Index (HEI), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Ecological Risk Factor (ERF), and Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) generally show low pollution (HEI < 10) to moderate pollution (10 < HEI < 20); low level of contamination (PLI < 1); and no significant ecological risk( ERF < 40), except for Cd, which reached ERF > 40 at about 10% of the study area. The Bio-sediment Accumulation Factor (BSAF) reveals higher accumulation (BSAF > 1) in Perna Perna tissues than in Aloides trigona, whereas. Cr showed the highest bioaccumulation among the metals. The observed local Cd enrichment in IOIC is linked to diffuse runoff from agricultural activities. The synergistic Risk index (PERI < 150), showed low ecological risk for waterbodies in all the stations. Statistical analysis highlights organic carbon and fine sediment fractions as key drivers of metal accumulation. The study underscores the value of integrating sediment and organism data to improve ecological risk assessment in fresh and brackish water systems.