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<p>Biofouling of the micro and macro-organisms on submerged artificial structures in aquatic environments represents an engineering problem with major economic and ecological implications. Conventional antifouling coatings typically use inorganic biocides like tin, copper, zinc, and DDT, which are ecotoxic and dangerous to the ecosystem. This booming concern has prompted the exploration of eco-friendly organic biocides from natural sources. We present a critical overview of the organic antifouling compounds isolated from seaweed including an inventory of the species investigated, extraction and isolation methods employed characterization and application of the bioactive metabolites, as well as computational approaches to predicting potential antifoulant activity alongside assessable field trials. Using a systematic survey of published literature, data on the taxa of seaweed investigated and where they were collected from, including extraction solvents used; any purification strategies employed prior to some form of structural characterization; and both laboratory and field-based antifouling tests are compiled. Over the last 30 years, a total of 163 seaweed species at 35 Chlorophyta, 66 Florideophyceae and 62 Phaeophyceae have been investigated for antifouling activity. Against this background, we summarize the bioactivity of marine algae-derived natural products as a source of antifouling compounds containing secondary metabolites from genera such as Dictyota, Laurencia, Phaeurus, Sphaerococcus and Taonia with significant anti-fouling activity but no toxicity. Some of the notable compounds reported are gleenol, bromosphaerol, dictyol derivatives such as B acetate, C, and E; dolabellane diterpene elatol; and thyrsiferol, as well as octadecadienoic and octadecatrienoic acids, monoacylglycerol phenylmethyl ester derivatives, and sn-3-O-(geranylgeranyl)glycerol. These metabolites demonstrate significant potential as non-toxic alternatives to classic antifouling compounds. Nonetheless, there is a need for more advances regarding large-scale production, ecotoxicological assessment, and long-term field validation to facilitate the transition of these natural compounds into sustainable antifouling technologies.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Seaweed-Derived Organic Biocides for Antifouling Applications: A Comprehensive Review (1997–2024)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月23日

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  • Prasanth R.,
  • Xiaohong Ji,
  • Sebastin Belciya P.,
  • Dharmalingam Kirubakaran,
  • Senthilraja P.,
  • Sathiaseelan P.,
  • Noorjahan A.,
  • Sepideh P.,
  • Duan J.,
  • Bupesh Giridharan,
  • Sureshkumar P.

摘要

Biofouling of the micro and macro-organisms on submerged artificial structures in aquatic environments represents an engineering problem with major economic and ecological implications. Conventional antifouling coatings typically use inorganic biocides like tin, copper, zinc, and DDT, which are ecotoxic and dangerous to the ecosystem. This booming concern has prompted the exploration of eco-friendly organic biocides from natural sources. We present a critical overview of the organic antifouling compounds isolated from seaweed including an inventory of the species investigated, extraction and isolation methods employed characterization and application of the bioactive metabolites, as well as computational approaches to predicting potential antifoulant activity alongside assessable field trials. Using a systematic survey of published literature, data on the taxa of seaweed investigated and where they were collected from, including extraction solvents used; any purification strategies employed prior to some form of structural characterization; and both laboratory and field-based antifouling tests are compiled. Over the last 30 years, a total of 163 seaweed species at 35 Chlorophyta, 66 Florideophyceae and 62 Phaeophyceae have been investigated for antifouling activity. Against this background, we summarize the bioactivity of marine algae-derived natural products as a source of antifouling compounds containing secondary metabolites from genera such as Dictyota, Laurencia, Phaeurus, Sphaerococcus and Taonia with significant anti-fouling activity but no toxicity. Some of the notable compounds reported are gleenol, bromosphaerol, dictyol derivatives such as B acetate, C, and E; dolabellane diterpene elatol; and thyrsiferol, as well as octadecadienoic and octadecatrienoic acids, monoacylglycerol phenylmethyl ester derivatives, and sn-3-O-(geranylgeranyl)glycerol. These metabolites demonstrate significant potential as non-toxic alternatives to classic antifouling compounds. Nonetheless, there is a need for more advances regarding large-scale production, ecotoxicological assessment, and long-term field validation to facilitate the transition of these natural compounds into sustainable antifouling technologies.

Graphical Abstract