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<p>Ramsar-protected wetlands are ecosystems of critical importance for the conservation of biological diversity, but they are increasingly threatened by metal and metalloid pollution from agriculture, industry and domestic sources. The Paradeniz Lagoon, located in Türkiye’s Göksu Delta and protected under the Ramsar Convention, is under increasing anthropogenic pressure from agricultural activities and atmospheric deposition. In this study, the seasonal and spatial distributions of Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Pb, Se, Ti and Cd were determined in water, sediment, and two bioindicator species (<i>Chelon ramada</i> and <i>Callinectes sapidus</i>) samples. The highest metal accumulation was detected in sediments; Cd reached 3.88&#xa0;mg/kg (CF = 12.9; I_geo = 3.21; EF = 21.7) and Cu reached 67.3&#xa0;mg/kg (I_geo = 2.57), posing a significant ecological risk. The biota-sediment accumulation Factor (BSAF) for Cd reached 7.96 in the liver of <i>C. ramada</i> and over 12.0 in the hepatopancreas of <i>C. sapidus</i>. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) for Cu was determined to be &gt; 1000 in the gills. The pollution load index (PLI) was above 1.0 in all seasons, reaching its highest level of 1.72 during the summer period. Despite its protected status, the Paradeniz Lagoon continues to be ecologically fragile, and targeted monitoring and management measures must be implemented urgently to protect biodiversity and the integrity of the trophic network. This study presents the first seasonal, multi-matrix assessment of metal(loid) pollution at the Paradeniz Ramsar site, integrating sediment quality indices with two bioindicator species to inform targeted management.</p>

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Ecological Risk Assessment of Metal and Metalloid Contamination in a Ramsar-Protected Mediterranean Lagoon (Paradeniz, Türkiye)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月15日

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  • Kemal Yatkın,
  • Nuray Çi̇ftçi̇,
  • Deniz Ayas,
  • Ali Rıza Köşker

摘要

Ramsar-protected wetlands are ecosystems of critical importance for the conservation of biological diversity, but they are increasingly threatened by metal and metalloid pollution from agriculture, industry and domestic sources. The Paradeniz Lagoon, located in Türkiye’s Göksu Delta and protected under the Ramsar Convention, is under increasing anthropogenic pressure from agricultural activities and atmospheric deposition. In this study, the seasonal and spatial distributions of Al, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Pb, Se, Ti and Cd were determined in water, sediment, and two bioindicator species (Chelon ramada and Callinectes sapidus) samples. The highest metal accumulation was detected in sediments; Cd reached 3.88 mg/kg (CF = 12.9; I_geo = 3.21; EF = 21.7) and Cu reached 67.3 mg/kg (I_geo = 2.57), posing a significant ecological risk. The biota-sediment accumulation Factor (BSAF) for Cd reached 7.96 in the liver of C. ramada and over 12.0 in the hepatopancreas of C. sapidus. The bioconcentration factor (BCF) for Cu was determined to be > 1000 in the gills. The pollution load index (PLI) was above 1.0 in all seasons, reaching its highest level of 1.72 during the summer period. Despite its protected status, the Paradeniz Lagoon continues to be ecologically fragile, and targeted monitoring and management measures must be implemented urgently to protect biodiversity and the integrity of the trophic network. This study presents the first seasonal, multi-matrix assessment of metal(loid) pollution at the Paradeniz Ramsar site, integrating sediment quality indices with two bioindicator species to inform targeted management.