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<p>Despite being located under the management of the National Park of West Bali (TNBB), the coral reef ecosystem in Gilimanuk Bay, Bali Island, is threatened by degradation. Thus, this research aimed to report the state of coral reef ecosystems in Gilimanuk Bay over survey years and sites, including the coral health status and the environmental dynamic. The corals and other benthic components were studied in three study sites in 2020; however, the 2024 survey only found benthic communities in Site 2. Therefore, the 2024 survey was located outside (Site 1) and Site 2 (inside the bay). Corals and other benthic components coverage data were collected based on the UPT method along a 50&#xa0;m line, whereas the coral health survey was collected in the 50 × 2&#xa0;m belt transect placed on the same UPT method survey areas and replicated three times haphazardly. The coral health status was monitored using the CoralWatch coral health (CWhs) score and was only conducted in 2024. Other in situ water quality parameters and CWhs in 2024 were measured from July to October, except temperatures, which were measured from March to October. On the contrary, the water quality parameters in 2020 were only measured in December. Results reveal that the live coral coverage of Site 2 (2024) increased 3.5 times more than in 2020, mainly composed of branching form; conversely, algae coverage in 2024 diminished to ten times lower than in 2020. It is suggested that it be linked to the sea-weeding activities of the local fishermen. Moreover, the survey in 2024 observed high sedimentation on Sites 3 and 4, arguing the contribution of rapid mangrove expansion toward the bay. Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease (SCTLD) was the only disease that spread over the coral colonies inside and outside the bay; meanwhile, algae overgrowth and bleaching were the coral’s compromised health syndromes inside the bay. The water quality parameters demonstrating dynamics across sites and month surveys were phosphate and sea surface temperature. Considering the rapid changes in the coral reef ecosystem inside Gilimanuk Bay, management intervention is necessary in order to protect and conserve its biodiversity sustainability.</p>

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The State of Coral Reefs in the Gilimanuk Bay - West Bali National Park, Bali Island, Indonesia

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月21日

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  • Widiastuti Widiastuti,
  • I Wayan Gede Krisna Juliarta,
  • I Gusti Agung Istri Widya Kusuma

摘要

Despite being located under the management of the National Park of West Bali (TNBB), the coral reef ecosystem in Gilimanuk Bay, Bali Island, is threatened by degradation. Thus, this research aimed to report the state of coral reef ecosystems in Gilimanuk Bay over survey years and sites, including the coral health status and the environmental dynamic. The corals and other benthic components were studied in three study sites in 2020; however, the 2024 survey only found benthic communities in Site 2. Therefore, the 2024 survey was located outside (Site 1) and Site 2 (inside the bay). Corals and other benthic components coverage data were collected based on the UPT method along a 50 m line, whereas the coral health survey was collected in the 50 × 2 m belt transect placed on the same UPT method survey areas and replicated three times haphazardly. The coral health status was monitored using the CoralWatch coral health (CWhs) score and was only conducted in 2024. Other in situ water quality parameters and CWhs in 2024 were measured from July to October, except temperatures, which were measured from March to October. On the contrary, the water quality parameters in 2020 were only measured in December. Results reveal that the live coral coverage of Site 2 (2024) increased 3.5 times more than in 2020, mainly composed of branching form; conversely, algae coverage in 2024 diminished to ten times lower than in 2020. It is suggested that it be linked to the sea-weeding activities of the local fishermen. Moreover, the survey in 2024 observed high sedimentation on Sites 3 and 4, arguing the contribution of rapid mangrove expansion toward the bay. Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease (SCTLD) was the only disease that spread over the coral colonies inside and outside the bay; meanwhile, algae overgrowth and bleaching were the coral’s compromised health syndromes inside the bay. The water quality parameters demonstrating dynamics across sites and month surveys were phosphate and sea surface temperature. Considering the rapid changes in the coral reef ecosystem inside Gilimanuk Bay, management intervention is necessary in order to protect and conserve its biodiversity sustainability.