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<p>The Banda Sea, the largest and deepest ocean basin in the Indonesian Seas and a pivotal reservoir of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) exhibits significant seasonal variability in surface heat transport (SHT). This study investigates the influence of mesoscale eddies, sea surface wind (SSW), Ekman transport, and radiation as well as their complex interplay in shaping the SHT. The complex bathymetry of the region fosters a three-dimensional circulation pattern, facilitating the mixing of Pacific and Indian waters into the distinctive Indonesian sea. Mesoscale anticyclonic eddy (AE) and cyclonic eddy (CE) play crucial roles in regulating vertical heat distribution through upwelling and downwelling mechanisms. From 2006 to 2020, 236 AE and 193 CE events were identified, peaking in April and November (transition periods), respectively. During the northwest monsoon (NWM), SHT decreases due to weaker wind-driven currents and reduced advective export, which in turn leads to the accumulation of warm surface waters.&#xa0;While during the southeast monsoon (SEM), SHT increases as water is exported to the Indian Ocean. The ITF modulates the effects of CE and AE, with mesoscale eddy activity significantly influencing heat distribution during monsoon transitions and peak ITF periods. The June–August increase in eddies also enhances freshwater transport in the Ombai Strait and Timor Passage. Seasonal variations in radiation and wind patterns further impact SHT. During the NWM, higher radiation leads to positive SST anomalies and downwelling, intensifying evaporation. Conversely, lower radiation during the SEM results in lower SST anomalies. However, the ocean's energy content remains relatively high due to convergent net heat transport. During transitional periods, net heat transport approaches zero, and SSW are relatively lower, contributing to a decrease in evaporation. Understanding the seasonal variability of SHT in the Banda Sea is crucial for predicting regional and global climate trends, as well as for managing marine resources and mitigating potential impacts of climate change.</p>

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Seasonal Variability of Surface Heat Transport in the Banda Sea

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月15日

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  • Gandhi Napitupulu,
  • Naffisa Adyan Fekranie,
  • Ananda Vista Millina,
  • Mutiara Rachmat Putri,
  • Aditya Rakhmat Kartadikaria,
  • Agus Setiawan,
  • Rahaden Bagas Hatmaja,
  • Faiz Rohman Fajary

摘要

The Banda Sea, the largest and deepest ocean basin in the Indonesian Seas and a pivotal reservoir of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) exhibits significant seasonal variability in surface heat transport (SHT). This study investigates the influence of mesoscale eddies, sea surface wind (SSW), Ekman transport, and radiation as well as their complex interplay in shaping the SHT. The complex bathymetry of the region fosters a three-dimensional circulation pattern, facilitating the mixing of Pacific and Indian waters into the distinctive Indonesian sea. Mesoscale anticyclonic eddy (AE) and cyclonic eddy (CE) play crucial roles in regulating vertical heat distribution through upwelling and downwelling mechanisms. From 2006 to 2020, 236 AE and 193 CE events were identified, peaking in April and November (transition periods), respectively. During the northwest monsoon (NWM), SHT decreases due to weaker wind-driven currents and reduced advective export, which in turn leads to the accumulation of warm surface waters. While during the southeast monsoon (SEM), SHT increases as water is exported to the Indian Ocean. The ITF modulates the effects of CE and AE, with mesoscale eddy activity significantly influencing heat distribution during monsoon transitions and peak ITF periods. The June–August increase in eddies also enhances freshwater transport in the Ombai Strait and Timor Passage. Seasonal variations in radiation and wind patterns further impact SHT. During the NWM, higher radiation leads to positive SST anomalies and downwelling, intensifying evaporation. Conversely, lower radiation during the SEM results in lower SST anomalies. However, the ocean's energy content remains relatively high due to convergent net heat transport. During transitional periods, net heat transport approaches zero, and SSW are relatively lower, contributing to a decrease in evaporation. Understanding the seasonal variability of SHT in the Banda Sea is crucial for predicting regional and global climate trends, as well as for managing marine resources and mitigating potential impacts of climate change.