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<p>Anthropogenic activities have led to the release of heavy metals, posing significant threats to both aquatic ecosystems and human health. This study focused on evaluating the concentrations of Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), and Lead (Pb) in water and <i>Tor putitora</i> fish along the River Kabul in Pakistan, considering upstream and downstream sites with varying anthropogenic influences. Our analysis revealed detectable levels of all studied heavy metals at both sites, with concentrations surpassing the permissible limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO), with except for Zinc. At Site-1, average concentrations (mg L<sup>− 1</sup>) were: Cr 1.46 ± 1.03, Ni 1.61 ± 0.53, Zn 0.65 ± 1.09, Cd 0.23 ± 0.28, and Pb 0.75 ± 0.07, while Site-2 values were: Cr 1.57 ± 0.03, Ni 1.54 ± 0.94, Zn 1.55 ± 0.98, Cd 1.12 ± 0.46, and Pb 1.47 ± 0.82. Analysis of <i>Tor putitora</i> fish indicated significant metal concentrations, particularly in metabolically active tissues such as the kidney and liver, with Cr showing significant accumulation across all tissues and Cd exhibiting the lowest accumulation. Notably, muscle, a less metabolically active tissue, demonstrated the lowest metal accumulation. Evaluation of the Target Hazard Quotient and Hazard Index revealed no considerable risk for non-carcinogenic effects. However, in Site-1, Pb exhibited a carcinogenic risk surpassing the acceptable threshold (&lt; 1 × 10<sup>− 4</sup>), suggesting an elevated cancer risk associated with consuming <i>Tor putitora</i>. These findings emphasize the urgent need for comprehensive environmental policies in developing countries to address long-term heavy metal pollution and safeguard both ecosystems and human health.</p>

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Evaluating Heavy Metal Contamination in Water and Tissues of Tor putitora: Implications for Human Health Risk Assessment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月2日

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  • Ashfaq Ahmad,
  • Sunbal Khan,
  • Tauseef Ahmad,
  • Sumaira Gul

摘要

Anthropogenic activities have led to the release of heavy metals, posing significant threats to both aquatic ecosystems and human health. This study focused on evaluating the concentrations of Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), and Lead (Pb) in water and Tor putitora fish along the River Kabul in Pakistan, considering upstream and downstream sites with varying anthropogenic influences. Our analysis revealed detectable levels of all studied heavy metals at both sites, with concentrations surpassing the permissible limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO), with except for Zinc. At Site-1, average concentrations (mg L− 1) were: Cr 1.46 ± 1.03, Ni 1.61 ± 0.53, Zn 0.65 ± 1.09, Cd 0.23 ± 0.28, and Pb 0.75 ± 0.07, while Site-2 values were: Cr 1.57 ± 0.03, Ni 1.54 ± 0.94, Zn 1.55 ± 0.98, Cd 1.12 ± 0.46, and Pb 1.47 ± 0.82. Analysis of Tor putitora fish indicated significant metal concentrations, particularly in metabolically active tissues such as the kidney and liver, with Cr showing significant accumulation across all tissues and Cd exhibiting the lowest accumulation. Notably, muscle, a less metabolically active tissue, demonstrated the lowest metal accumulation. Evaluation of the Target Hazard Quotient and Hazard Index revealed no considerable risk for non-carcinogenic effects. However, in Site-1, Pb exhibited a carcinogenic risk surpassing the acceptable threshold (< 1 × 10− 4), suggesting an elevated cancer risk associated with consuming Tor putitora. These findings emphasize the urgent need for comprehensive environmental policies in developing countries to address long-term heavy metal pollution and safeguard both ecosystems and human health.