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<p>The presence of amoxicillin (AMX) in aquatic environments poses a significant threat due to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study examined the Fenton process efficiency for the degradation of (AMX) and the reduction of dissolved chemical oxygen demand (COD) in aqueous solution. A Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to optimize the process parameters, including ferrous ion [Fe²⁺], hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂], and initial [AMX], using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The experimental design demonstrated that the Fenton process was effective, achieving a maximum COD reduction of 94.83% under the optimal conditions of [AMX] = 105&#xa0;mg/L, [Fe<sup>2+</sup>] = 25&#xa0;mg/L, and [H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>] = 205&#xa0;mg/L. The ANOVA results confirmed the model’s significance (<i>p</i> = 0.0082, F = 11.02), with the quadratic effects of [H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>] and [Fe<sup>2+</sup>] being particularly influential. Moreover, the interaction between [AMX] and [Fe<sup>2+</sup>] was also significant. These findings confirm that the Fenton process, when statistically optimized, offers a promising and efficient approach for removing pharmaceutical contaminants such as amoxicillin (AMX) from water, thereby contributing to the mitigation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Optimization of fenton's oxidation for amoxicillin using box-behnken design of response surface methodology

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月26日

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  • Chala Mouna,
  • Boumechhour Fatima,
  • Boudrahem-Boualit Nassima,
  • Bourezg Mabrouka,
  • Atik Hamoud Ahlam

摘要

The presence of amoxicillin (AMX) in aquatic environments poses a significant threat due to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study examined the Fenton process efficiency for the degradation of (AMX) and the reduction of dissolved chemical oxygen demand (COD) in aqueous solution. A Box-Behnken design (BBD) was employed to optimize the process parameters, including ferrous ion [Fe²⁺], hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂], and initial [AMX], using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The experimental design demonstrated that the Fenton process was effective, achieving a maximum COD reduction of 94.83% under the optimal conditions of [AMX] = 105 mg/L, [Fe2+] = 25 mg/L, and [H2O2] = 205 mg/L. The ANOVA results confirmed the model’s significance (p = 0.0082, F = 11.02), with the quadratic effects of [H2O2] and [Fe2+] being particularly influential. Moreover, the interaction between [AMX] and [Fe2+] was also significant. These findings confirm that the Fenton process, when statistically optimized, offers a promising and efficient approach for removing pharmaceutical contaminants such as amoxicillin (AMX) from water, thereby contributing to the mitigation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Graphical abstract