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<p>In milk thistle (<i>Silybum marianum</i>), commercial interest has focused almost exclusively on seeds and aerial parts, leaving behind substantial root biomass that remains outside current value chains despite its richness in bioactive polyphenols. This study evaluates the bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and antioxidant potential of milk thistle root infusion polyphenols using in vitro digestion, Caco-2 permeability assays, and in silico ADMET profiling. Digestion enhanced total phenolic content 6.89-fold (56.84 ± 1.10&#xa0;mg GAE/g) and increased antioxidant activity by 11.88- and 1.58-fold for DPPH and ABTS, respectively. Caco-2 assays showed 57% absorption of total phenolics, with preserved antioxidant activity across the intestinal barrier. The bioavailable fraction reduced oxidative stress in intestinal cells by up to 45.14% and protected erythrocytes from hemolysis by 67.56%. ADMET analysis revealed aglycones exhibited superior absorption profiles over glycosides. These findings highlight root valorization as a strategy to reduce agricultural biomass loss, contribute to circular agriculture, a principle that aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal SDG12 (Responsible Consumption and Production).</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Sustainable valorization of milk thistle: the roots polyphenols bioaccessibility, bioavailability and bioactive potential

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月13日

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  • Takoua Ben Hlel,
  • Ascensión Rueda,
  • M. Nejib Marzouki,
  • Fatma Arrari,
  • Mourad Jridi,
  • Isabel Seiquer,
  • Issam Smaali

摘要

In milk thistle (Silybum marianum), commercial interest has focused almost exclusively on seeds and aerial parts, leaving behind substantial root biomass that remains outside current value chains despite its richness in bioactive polyphenols. This study evaluates the bioaccessibility, bioavailability, and antioxidant potential of milk thistle root infusion polyphenols using in vitro digestion, Caco-2 permeability assays, and in silico ADMET profiling. Digestion enhanced total phenolic content 6.89-fold (56.84 ± 1.10 mg GAE/g) and increased antioxidant activity by 11.88- and 1.58-fold for DPPH and ABTS, respectively. Caco-2 assays showed 57% absorption of total phenolics, with preserved antioxidant activity across the intestinal barrier. The bioavailable fraction reduced oxidative stress in intestinal cells by up to 45.14% and protected erythrocytes from hemolysis by 67.56%. ADMET analysis revealed aglycones exhibited superior absorption profiles over glycosides. These findings highlight root valorization as a strategy to reduce agricultural biomass loss, contribute to circular agriculture, a principle that aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal SDG12 (Responsible Consumption and Production).

Graphical abstract