<p>Given the complex nature of wastewater, which often contains persistent organic compounds, heavy metals, and other harmful substances, the treatment of industrial wastewater is one of the most important problems of the century. In Tunisia, 4603 industrial units released their effluents into the municipal sewage network in 2023, underscoring the urgency of implementing effective treatment solutions such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). AOPs are a proven technology for this type of problem thanks to their high efficiency. They are based on the generation of highly reactive species, particularly hydroxyl radicals, resulting in the oxidative degradation of contaminants, usually attaining their overall mineralization. This review examines the latest research and applications of AOPs in eliminating non-biodegradable organic pollutants, such as phenols, synthetic dyes, and pharmaceutical residues—increasingly found in pharmaceuticals, petroleum, textiles, and agrochemical wastewater. The important factors affecting process performance, including catalyst selection, operational parameters, and the composition of the wastewater matrix, are reviewed. In addition, this review highlights the techno-economic aspects of these processes, providing a comparative analysis of their efficiency, scalability, and cost-effectiveness in real-world applications. While AOPs demonstrate strong potential for pollutant degradation, their widespread adoption remains limited by challenges such as high energy consumption, formation of potentially toxic intermediate by-products, and the complexity of scaling up from laboratory to industrial scale. This review aims to guide future research and practical implementation by critically evaluating both the opportunities and limitations of AOPs for sustainable industrial wastewater treatment (IWWT).</p>