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<p>Water is a vital resource that must be protected and used responsibly and wisely. The existence of harmful effluents in water has increased due to illegal industrial waste disposal practices, which negatively affect the sustainability of wildlife and human society on Earth. One of the advanced oxidation processes that can be used to promote the removal of contaminants from water is heterogeneous photocatalysis, and it is an efficient, ecological and economical method due to the fact that solar radiation is directly utilized. There are several semiconductor materials used in photocatalysis, such as TiO<sub>2</sub>, ZnO, CuO and WO<sub>3</sub>; however, titanium dioxide is the most widely used for photodecomposition of pollutants because of its strong photostability, chemical and biologic inertness, and high photocatalytic activity. An in-depth analysis of the literature has identified several methods to enhance the efficiency of photo-degradation of organic pollutants using TiO<sub>2</sub>, including coupling with clay minerals. These minerals are characterized by a large adsorption surface area, high adsorption capacity, and environmental friendliness, all of which improve the breakdown of contaminants through the photocatalytic process. However, their high band gap (in the UV region) and the recombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs limit the effectiveness of photocatalysis. Various approaches to enhancing the photocatalytic capabilities of these metal oxides are discussed. Researchers have explored the concept of doping semiconductor combinations and developing nanocomposites to enhance their photocatalytic activity.</p>

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Recent advances and modification strategies of TiO2 semiconductors for the photocatalytic remediation of water-containing organic pollutants

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月15日

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  • Safiya Mallah,
  • Mariam El Mchaouri,
  • Wafaa Boumya,
  • Aicha Machrouhi,
  • Rachid Elmoubarki,
  • Noureddine Barka,
  • Alaâeddine Elhalil

摘要

Water is a vital resource that must be protected and used responsibly and wisely. The existence of harmful effluents in water has increased due to illegal industrial waste disposal practices, which negatively affect the sustainability of wildlife and human society on Earth. One of the advanced oxidation processes that can be used to promote the removal of contaminants from water is heterogeneous photocatalysis, and it is an efficient, ecological and economical method due to the fact that solar radiation is directly utilized. There are several semiconductor materials used in photocatalysis, such as TiO2, ZnO, CuO and WO3; however, titanium dioxide is the most widely used for photodecomposition of pollutants because of its strong photostability, chemical and biologic inertness, and high photocatalytic activity. An in-depth analysis of the literature has identified several methods to enhance the efficiency of photo-degradation of organic pollutants using TiO2, including coupling with clay minerals. These minerals are characterized by a large adsorption surface area, high adsorption capacity, and environmental friendliness, all of which improve the breakdown of contaminants through the photocatalytic process. However, their high band gap (in the UV region) and the recombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs limit the effectiveness of photocatalysis. Various approaches to enhancing the photocatalytic capabilities of these metal oxides are discussed. Researchers have explored the concept of doping semiconductor combinations and developing nanocomposites to enhance their photocatalytic activity.